[1]Patented Jan. 20, 1948 2 1 4 3 4 2 7 0 8 UNITED S'TATE,S PATENT OFVICE 2,434,708 MOLDING "PARATUS FOR FORM]ING BUILDIINGS W,illiam B. Mathis, Tampa, Fla. Agl@lication Dtcember 511942, SeriAl No. 467,971 ,5 @Claims. (Cl. 25-131) 2 T.h,e present invention relates to building constr,uotion and,,more part-io-ularly to apparatus for form.'i.ng,build-ings,made mainly of concrete and %c,ementitid us niaterial, wit-h suitable -reinforcement. 6 The principal @objedt 6f -the inv-en@tion is to pro'V-id4e appar-atus for 'builcling construction whicli m. ay be economically manu-factured, -preferably from -s-heet metal, a-nd a sele&tion made of available apparatus units, accotdirig to the des'gn of @10 building, to - assemble f-he form for -the pouring of concrete Without the @delay and expense of @outting and fltting many special form pieces. ThL, invention con-temoates reuse of -t-he a-pparzt,us iuni-ts for the erection of the -wa-Ils and 15 ,other portions of many buildings of the same or diff-,-r-ent design, the -units being prao-tically i-n,clestructible and requi-i,@ing little, if any, @cuttilig ,or -boring -to -m@ -eet,the requiremeiats of @floor,,c&iling and Toof con8truction, either 6f wood, or of 20 fil,@epi'oof rnaterial. Another @objedt @is to Provide wal@l forms, and .,cornice for..ms and Scaffold-ing for -cooperatioil wi'th the wall form. s, W-hich c(>rnice fcirms @and sca-ff olding - rnasr be @qific',kly placed and removed, 25 -and the scecffolding nioved to a difftreftt posi@tion on -the wall for ms as erection iof thi3 wall -forms, @open@in@g -f,@rames and cornice fbrms a-re pro,;gressively placed. Another object is to provide wall forras com- 30 ,prising relativlily lbng, narrow main :sustaining .upr,ight - members which may :each b@e of -story .height or more, and initiary secured t-o a foot-ing or foundatign in spaced relation; -gnd, panels -and @opening frames vhich raay be seoured to the 35 main upright members, 'either progressively as the concrete is poured, or completely secu@red to -t-he -main upright mem-bers before any pouring step. Anot,her object of the iiivention is 'to provide 40 .f,orms for the formationof girders,of substantially inverted TshaPe tross section, suitable ifor xeceiv-ing floor and/ar ceiling slabs, which forms ma,y be made of cast or rolled metal units of angular cross-section, such:as channel'and angle mem- 45 -bers, and of @ -m-etal ,pla,@tes and strips which inay be @readily - assembled and disnipmbered. Another object of 'the invention is to provide forms for forming such ,,girders of substantially -i,nverted Tshape, cross section, ilitegral with 50 .walls, the @girder form units cooperating with the wall forms @also made fo@f meta;I units such as @channel,me mbers and metal wall panels, in such ,manner that the concrete c(@mentitious mater-ial may be poured i-nto t-he wall and girder 65 forms -in a rnanner to form the girders integr6l with the walls, and to -permit removal of the various form units when the wall and girder materials are set, for reuse of the forms at :other portions of the building construction, or at othe'r projects. A further object of the invention is to provide a-pparatus for forming girdets of builditfgs including upright supports for the forms, Which may be removed with 'ease and safety after the concrete or cen-lentitious material in the foims has set. Other objects and advailtage@s of 'the invelitioi.1 'v@ill appeat in the following detailed de8cription, taken ill colinedtion With the accompali@ing dra;wings, forming a p@art cif ihis specificatibn, and in which drawirigs, Fig. I is a fragmentary plan view of a footing with bolts and r6inforcing stubs extending from the upper surface thereof and showing by dotted lines the positions wdll forms will take upon the footing. Figure 2 is a fragmelitary view in elevation of the wall and cornice forms of a @one story bu-ilding mounted on the footing with suitable opening frames and scaffolding in,place. Figure 3 is an enlarged fragmentary verl'ical sectional -view on substantially the line 3-3 of Figure 4 is a fragmentary view in elevation looking toward the interior of the assernblod wall form. Figure 5 is a fragmentary vertical sectioiial view <)n the line 5-5 of Figure 4. Figure 6 is a detail view partly in elevation and partly i@n vertical section of a modified @rnanner in which the wall forms may be temporgr@ily secured to the footing. Figure 7 is a sectional view on @the line 7-7 of Figure i6. Figure 8 is a perspective view of one of -the :securing elements shown iil Figur-es 6 and '7. Figures 9 and 10 are detail views in vertical section of means for holding vertical forms in proper spaced relation and against lateral displacement. Figure 11 is a @detail View in vertical section of the manner in which a cornice, guttering etc. may be formed at the top of a wall, integral with the wall. Figures 12 and 13 @ar-e detail views in side elev.%tion of Parts of a suitable cornice form. Figure 14 @is a fragmentary view in elevation of assembled parts of the cornice form.
[2]3 Figure 15 is a view in perspective of dismembered parts of a suitable Opening frame. Figure 16 is a perspective view of bne of luhe elements of the frame in inverted position. Figure 17 is a detailed vertical sectional view on the line 17-17 of Fig. 2. Figure 18 is a horizontal sectional view on the line 18- 1 8 of Fig. 17. Figs. 19a and 19b are perspective views of a ilat wall form member, and a corner Nvall form member, respectively. Fig. 20 is a fragmentary detail view in elevation of suitable scaffolding which may be attached to and supported by wall form members as shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 21 is a fragmentary view partly in vertical section and partly in elevation showing wall w.id girder forms suitable for a construction of amulti-floor building. Figs. 22, 23 and 24 are fragmentary detail views in elevation and vertical section on the lines 22-22, 23-23 and 24-24, respectively 6f Fig. 21 shbwing forms for producing girders. Figs. 25, 26 and 27 are vertical sectibnal views of girders, showing the products resulting from use 6f the forms shown iii Mgs. 22, 23 and 24, re-' spectively. Fig. 28 is a vertical sectional view showi-@ig ceiling and floor slabs and a fioor finish associa'tled with the girder illustrated in Fig. 25. Fig. 29 is a vertical sectional view showing i'loor slabs, ficor finish and ceiling associated with the girder shown in Fig. 26. Fig. 30 is a vertical sectional view showing roof slabs, finished roof, dead air space slabs, spaced below the roof slabs and ceiling, associated with the girder shown in Fig. 27. Fig. 31 is a horizo.-ital sectional view on slibstantially the line 31-31 of Fig. 22. Figs. 32 to 36 inclusive are perspectiv@@ views of units used iii forming girders. Figure 37 is a detailed vertical sectional view thru the lower portion of concrete girders and ceiling formation with forms in place for supporting the ceiling material until it h@,s set. Figure 38 is a reduced vertical sectional view on the line 38-38 of Fig. 37. Figure 39 is a perspective view of the end portio.i of a plate used on certain girder forms to Prevent unset concrete from being forced froin the forrn and to produce air ways transversely of the girder adjacent the wall. Generally speaking, the present invention is intended to meet the demands for low cost buildings such as dwellings, garages, etc., which may be made habitable in a short space of tirne, and which will Provide dry walls, preferably iisulating the interior from the exterior. They include suitable footings 60 for sustaining the superin-iposed dead and live loads, and extending into the earth 61 below the frost line wliere freezing temperatures are likely to exist, and to firm ground; hollow concrete exterior wall Portions 62 preferably provided with vertical air spaces or voids 63 and communicating horizo--,ital air spaces or voids 64, and openings, such as window openings 65 and 66 suitably defined by frames 67. In the construction of small buildin.-s, or ivhere fireproof construction is not required thruout, any suitable floor, Dartition and roof coiistructions may form a part of the building. However, the invention also contemplates providing fireproof construcl@-ion thruout by girder, floor and ceiling construction 69 shown in Figs. 21, 25, 28 and 31 suitable for main flo6r where exposed portions of 2,434,708 4 girders at the under side are not objectionable; girder, floor a@-id ceilin-. construction 70 sh6wn in Figs. 21, 26, 29, 37 and 38, where it is desired to conceal the girders; and girder, r of and ceilr) ing construction 7 1, shown in Figs. 21, 27, 30, 37 and 38. Certain wall form members are also suitable for use in supporting cornice fbrms fbr producing a suitable cornice 72, integral with the walls@ 10 which may have a gutter 73 for conducting and drai@-iing off water from the roof, since ordinary wood and metal gtittering is a source of much trouble. The invention also contemplates usir@g the ver15 tical and horizontal air spaces 63 and 64 in walls and partitions, and horizontal air spaces 74 75 and 76, in corlstructions 69, 70 and 71, show@@ in Figs. 28, 29 and 30 respectively, for conducting and circulating hot, cold and conditioned air for 20 promoting comfort and good health. Suitable apparatus is provided tb facilit,-te building construction and to reduce the cost of such, by the use of braces, guides, mold forms, cores, scaffolding, etc., niade rnostly or all of 25 metal, or other suitable material, which are subjected to practically no wear, and may be reused almost indefinitely fbr different building operations. The apparatus is particularly well adapted for use with the concrete footings 60 which may 30 be provided with suitable anchor members 73 embedded in and extending from the upper surface thereof, and reinforcement stubs 80 and 80,". The apparatus preferably comprises wall mold apparatus 8 1 ; scaffolding 82; cores 83 for produc35 ing the vertical air spaces or voids 63, which may be of any suitable character su-.h as the core in U. S. Pate-.it to McCahon 814,154, March 6, 1906; cornice rnold 84; girder molds 85, 85 and 8 7 for producing the girders of constructions 69, 70 40 and 71, respectively, supported by upright riiembers 88; and, mold means 89 for molding ceiling. The horizontal air spaces or voids 64 are preferably formed by apparatus 90 which, in the main, remain in the wall and serve to reinforc& 45 the wall, altho these spaces or voids rnay be inade, in small buildings, by simply progressively positio-.,iing tubes 91 on beds of concrete when it is sufficiently firm, but not set, or upon one another, and then filling in the spaces laterally of 50 the tubes. Referring now to the wall mold apparatus 31 for making monolithic exterior walls, and suitable also for making partitions, it mainly comprises opposite spaced cementitious wall material 55 confini:@ig runs 129 and 130 of form units deta@,hably connected together. Each run mainly cbmprises a plurality of spaced upright metallic channel members 13 1, each preferably having relatively deep flanges 132 for strength and for sup(;o port of scaffoldina, etc., and a web 133, the buter face 134 of which forrns a part of the wall material engagin.- su-rface; a Plurality of metallic flanged mold panels 135, also of metal, fitting between the chaiinel members 13 1, each panel havt-) 5 ing a f ace 13 6 flush with the f ace 134 to also f orm a part of the wall material engaging surface, and each panel provided withrelatively shallow lateral flanges 137 and relatively shallow top and bottom flanges 138 and 139, respectively; means 70 140 for detachably securing the panels to the channel members; and means 141 for detachably securing each panel to the superjacent panel. The means 140 and 141 may be any suitable clamping devices, such as bolts 142 provided with 75 nuts 143, shown particularly in Fig. 31, and to
[3]-fadili@tate theit u8e each flarige of each channel in'ember .131 is pr6vided with a series of vei@tibAlIS, sp@;ced transver,.ze holes 144 adjacent the web 33 i@ach lateral flange 137 of each panel 135 isprovided with one or -:,iore tralisverse holes 145, VreferabIS, slots, to align witb selected holes 6f the @series iii the adiacc-nt flange of the channel rnembers, and c-ac@h top at-id botto.,n flange of each Panel is provided with aligning transverse holes 1446 to ,permi@@@ securl-ng the panels to.-ether one upon another. The runs 129 and 130 of form units are pref@6rably held in proper spaced relation at their bott6ms by the footings 60 and anchor inembers 78. T,Iie Preferred manner of detachably connecting the chann6i members 131 to the footings is by the provision of a foot flange 147 having an opening 148 for the shank of the anchor member 78, and a nut IAO screwed onto the screw threaded portion 120 of the bolt, as shown in Fig. 5. This is @a very suitable arrangement where the anchor -bolts are accurately placed in the footing. @Any suitable means may be provided to hold 'the runs 129 aiid 130 of form units in proper ,%pa0ed relatiol interrnediate their tops a,nd bottt)ms Eind in Gne stbry constructions it may suffice to @PrOvide stich means only adjacent or at the t6ps of the channel me,-nbers 131. As an exam'-ple, 'either rileans 150 such as is shown in Fig. 9 for ternporarily bolding the Lipper end portions -Of OPP08itO Channel members in proper spaced rela;tion by engaging the members below their iiljper ends, or means 151 such as is shown in Fig. ,I@O for likewise temporarily holding the tops of the op.Posite chainel members in proper spaced relation, or both means 150 and 151 may be used. The means 150 as sho@vn in Figs. 3 and 9 compr.ises la rod l@52 having its ends screw threaded as at 153, traversing the hoilow of the mold and extending thru openings 154 in the webs 133 Of the channel members; a spacing sle.-ve 155 surrounding the traversing portion of the rodl- and -nu,ts 156 o-n the s.-rew threaded end portion,,3 of the rod. This means I 5 0 is s7Liitable for use where -the upper end of the channel member has the upper ends of its i9anges beveled as at 157 in Figs. 8 and 11 to iacilitate dismembering of the mold. In Fig. 10 is shown the means 151. There the chann6l members t3i each have a head flange 150 provided with a transverse opening 159. A bat '1'0'0 having transverse openings 161 adjacent its ends align with openings 159, receiving bolts 162 provided with nuts I 63. I prefer to provide each flange 132 of each ;dhannel member 131 with a second series of vertically spaced transverse holes 164 adjacent the free edge of the flarige for supporting the scaffolding 82 and for other purposes hereinafter set fgrth. InFigs.6,7and8lshowamodifiedmeans I-IE5 for detachably securing the channel members f@31 to the footing and wllich does not require the usL@ of foot flanges 147 on the channel members, but permits the use of some of these holes 164 for this purpose. This means 155 is particularly useful, @@ltho not necessarily restricted to use in erecting small bu4ldings, where the anchor members are only approximately placed in the footings for tomporarily securing the channel members to the fgotings. The means 165, for each chanp-el me-Tnber, cc)raprises, in addition to the anchor bolts 166, a channel-like L-shaped bracket 167 narrower in width than It'he space between the flanges 132 of the channel member, a clamp bar 169, and a nut 170 for cooperation with the .anchor bolt and legs 171 of the bracket, and bolts @2y4S4,708 172 c-oop@6ratingvvith the flanges 132 and legs i T3 of the bracket. The legs of the bracket are held @iii 8paced apar-t relatiol'i y a web 174, the upr-igh@t 16gs 473 have transverse holes 175 for the 6 bOlt8 -and th-e 'Lipper parts Of the horizorital 16gs 17@l a@r@@ pr-efi@rably provided with spaced teeth '176. 'The bar 169 is preferably channel-shaped With its down',atardly extending flanges 177 ribbed to f-it between selected teeth on the legs and tho 10 W6b 170 of the bar is provided with a centrally loca@ted transverse hole 179 for receiving the anchor'bolt l@66. Thu8 the anchor bolts f@66 may be appro)@iniately placed inposition for detachably securiiig @16 the ehannel mernbers on the footing, but the &haniiel m, embers may each be accureuely placed ,qnd secured :to the footing inasmuch as the @bracket 'IG7 may be shifted to various positions b&.ween @the flanges of the channel members, 120 41ong the'bolts 172, and the bar'169 may take var@ious -positions toward or.remote from the channel member @'i 31 and transversely of the tops of the horizojital legs 11 74 of the bracket, as is 6biVious from an inspection of Fi.-S.-6 and 7. @25 7The second series of holes 1'64 in the flanges of the Lehannel mefnbers may also be used to support scaffaiding, as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, a portion df he scaffolding -being detailed in Fig. 20. It comprises deck brackets 180, decking 181 and @30 means 182 for d-tachably securing the brackets in vatious adjus@ed positions along the channel morabers. Each bradket @13'0 preferably cornprises a ver'tical leg .183, a horizontal upper leg 184 and a 35 diagonal I brace 185, all preferably made of metal angle sections. The vertical leg has a flange @186 to abut against,the side of the flange 132 of the chanliel'member -1;31 and is provided with trans'verse holes 187 spaced to align with selected holes @40 :1-6-4 6f the 8econd. series of holes in the channel iiiember, and a flange 188 to abut against the lateral flanges 137 of the adjacent panels 135, as ghown in Flgs.'2 and 3. The horizontal leg 1'84 has a vertical flange 189 preferably connected to 45 the I;ke flange of a companion bracket by a stiffener 190 comprising a spacing sleeve 191 and a b6it i 9-2. The horizontal leg 10 4 also has a harizont;@l -flange 193 upon which the decking 181 rests. The braces 185 may be riveted, welded or 50 Dtherwise secured to the flanges 186 and 189. The means 182 may comprise a spacing sleeve 194 and a bolt 195 with nut 196, the shank of the bolt extending thru aligned holes 164 and @187 55 and thru the sleeve 194, as shown in Mg. 20. This arrangement, shown by way of example, makes a very sturdy scaffolding arrangement, using the form as. a - support and enables the scaffolding to be -adjusted upwardly to various positions as woik 60 in assembling the f arnis and cores progresses, and to arrange the corner forms and facilitate -pouring of,the cementitious wall material, either Progressively as the forms and cores are placed, or after the wall,and cornice mold has been com65 pleted. In the construction of buildings where wood joists are to be placed, the channel members 131 And panels 135 may carry suitably shaped blocks lr9T, shown in Figs. 4 and 5, secured in place by 7o screws 198 to form depressions, (not shown in the drawings) in the wall portions 62. In a like mai-iner, larger rectangular blocks 199 and 200, of wood or other suitable material, may be se-cured as by screws 201 to the inner faces of the 75 panels 13-5, as shc)ivn in Figures 4 and 5 to form
[4]7 openings in the walls for the registers, not shown in the drawingThe cornice mold 84 is used when it is desired to provide a cornice integral with the wall, and in Figs. 2, 11, 12-14 and 21, its use and preferred characteristics are shown. The finish to be given to the wall inwardly of the cornice depends on the type of roof construction that will be used to complete the building. In Fig. 11 there is shown a finish suitable for a gable roof and In Fig. 21 a finish suitable f(>r a so-called "flat" robf. However, the c6rnice mold herein disclosed is particularly suitable for use with an outer wall face form of the character shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 21, comprisl"ng the channel members 131 and wall panels 135 previously described. It comprises a plurality of elongate, horizontally disposed sections 243, each c6mprising a cornice mold panel 2tl4, shaped to the desired contour of the cornice; a wall forming drop 245 at the lower longitudinal margin of the panel, coextensiv6 therewith; an outstanding horizontal flange 246 at the lower margin of the drop and coextensive therewith, 'his flange being of a depth substantially equal to the upper flange 138 of the wall panel 135 and to rest thereupon when the cornice mold is in assembled relation on the outer wall face form,, at least one bracket 247 detachably secured as by means 248 to the channel members 131 of the wall forms and bearing against the outer face of the panel 244 intermediate its ends; and an outstanding vertical flange 249 at each end of and rigidly secured to the panel 244 for abutting relation with the adjacent flange 6f the next section 213. Means 250 is provided for detachably securing the outstanding flanges 249 of adjacent mold panels together, and means 251 is provided for detachably securing the outstanding horizontal flanges 240 to the upper outwardly extending flanges 138 of adjacent wall panels 135. To facilitate manufacture of the mold panel 244, it may comprise a major portion 252 made of sheet metal rolled or otherwise shaped to the desired contour and having an outstanding udper strengthenin-. flange 253 welded theretgThe wall forming drop 245 may be the web of a chanyiel section of which the lower flange is that designated 246 and the upper flange 254 welded to the under side of the mold panel 244 serving to strengthen the latter. The flange 246 is provided withtransverse holes 255 for the reception of bolts 256 forming a part of means 250. The,bracket 247 shown in side elevation in Fig. 12, may be a flat piece of materic6l having an inner and uprer margin 257 to conform to the outer contour of the mold panel 244, an upright rear raargin 258 to abut against the flanges 246 and 254, an inner lower beveled face 259 to conform with the bevel 157 at the uppey. -end of the cha--qel member 13 1, as shown in Fig. 1 1, and the remaining marginal portions 260 and 261 may take any suitable shape, such as at right angle to each other. Suitable transverse holes 262 may be provided near the lower portion of the bracket for the reception of bolts 263 forming a part of means 248. This means 248 may comprise, in addition to bolts 263, a plate 264 provided with upper transverse holes 265 for the bolts, and rear transverse holes 266 for the reception of bolts 267 to secure the plate 264 to the channel member. The bolts 267 may also be received in selected holes 164 of trie second series in the flange of the channel section 131 previously described. 2,434,708 8 The outstanding vertical flanges 246 may each be cut or stamped from sheet metal of the pattern shown in Fig. 13, where the inner margin 268 conforms to the inner contour of the mold panel, the rear lower margin 267 to the web 245 and the lower margin 270 to the flange 246. The front margin 271 may take any suita e s ape. Transverse holes 272 are provided for the reception of bolts 273 forming a part of means 250. 10 The construction and assembly of the cornice mold makes possible the stocking of sufficient quantities of sections 243 of different lengths, and a selection therefrom to meet particular building specifications, and the brackets 247 not be'ng secured to the mold panel may be placed wherever channel members 131 may occur in a particular assembly, to properly support the cornice mold panels. The apparatus 90 for forming horizontal voids 14 in the wall, in communication with the ver20 tic al voids 63, and for reinforcing the wall, is shown more particulaxly in Figs. 3, 17 and 18. This apparatus may be made, as on a bench, as a unit, and set up on the footing 60 either before 25 or after.the side forms are erected, or may be progressiveiy assembled in situ. It comprises mainly, a plurality of vertically spaced inforcing rods 274 arranged in pairs, a plurality of tubes 275 arranged between the rods of each pair, and 30 means 276 engaging the rods and tubes for securing the tubes in the desired position against displacement as cementitious material is poured into the cavity between the wall forms and about the reinforcing rods and tubes. In the example 35 shown in Figure 3, suitable ties 277 are disclosed for securing the lower end portions of the rods to the reinforcement stubs 80 and a suitable steadying bar 278 is also disclosed to temporarily hold the rods at their upper ends against dis40 placement. The rods 274 may be of any suitable cross section with one rod of each pair adjacent to and spaced from one of the upright wall forms, and the other adjacent to and spaced from the 45 other upright viall form as shown in Figure 3. The tie 277 may be wire wrapped around the lower end of the rod and its adjacent reinforcement stub. Tl-ie upper ends of the rods may 50 extend thru holes 279 in the bar 278, which is temporarily secured to one of the wall forms as by bolt 280. The tubes 275 may be of any siliitable, inexpensive material capable of withstanding the pres55 sure of the superimposed load of conci,ete, until it he@s become set@ It is preferred to -Lise tubes which may be cut from tubular stocks, with a saw, or other suitable instrument, to the de-sired length and to have the open ends of the tubes in 60 planes perpendicula,- to the axes of the tubes i46wever, these tubes w-ay be of molded material" such as clay, of the desired length, or of sheet metal formed into tubes. The open ends of the tubes either abut against opening frames 67 65 forming a pel-manent part of the building@ as shown in Fig. 18, or against core forms 83 of any suitable o.- well known character, such as t e core shown in the aforesaid Patent 814,154, indicated in Fig. 3, which are subsequently removed 70 tO prbvide hbrizontal and vertical airwa,.vs in communication with each other. The means 276, in the example shown, are wires arranged in Ushaped formation embracing the tubes and having their end portions 2 75 wrapped around the reinforcing rods, but this
[5]is, r4erely by way Q@ example sizice@ e(ny @ultable means ma)r l@e ptovided for this plrpose' T4@ Pssemhly desckibed may be made a.- a ullit, on the, bench,, and subsequently placed between the wall forms, Qr the reinforcing rods may first 5 be placed and supported betwee-ri the itiall forms, and the tubes securecl in place progres@ively from the bottom, to the top as the wall panels are placed. For rqlatively smpli bilildings, the mearis 276 may be dispensed with and th-e tubes placed 10 on partially set concrete previousl@y poured as the wall panels are placed and the reinforci-ii@- rods 274 may also be dispensed w@tli under such conditions for soine, @mall walls r,@ay not r-,quire t retaforci.ag or accura e placing of the tubes, Un- 15 der certain conditions, the tiibes may be placed in peripheral contact v@,ith one another and r@olk, spaced apart, as shown in T-@@g. 3. Tl-ie oi)ening frame 67, of which cnly @lhose fc,-o window openings are d closed since doc)r open- 20 ings riay well be framed in a li-ke ot similar mo@,nner, compi@ise a sill member 282, co,@l-ir,,anion jamb members 283, and a top member 284, suitable plates 2F,5 tQ 99a, inclusive, bei.ng provided to hold these meirbe,@rs in proper relation to the adjacent 25 wall form menlbers w4ile the conerel@e is being poured and, until it has set. These plates are detachably secured to the flanges of adjacent wqll panels by bolts 29Z. The sil@l member 28,2 is preferably of a length 3,0 less than the width of th , e o ening, 05 or 66, as the case iray b.Q, an(i, in the examdle shown, comprises a majqr pqrtion 293 having a horizontal upppr face 294 and a minor portio-.q 2,95 havin 9 a slanting upper face 296 to drain water therefrom. 35 In. width, the sill member may be greater than the widt4 of the -hollow between the runs 129 and 130 of wall form units, a,$ shown in Fig. 17, so t).aa4t@ a part Qf tbe@ minor portioi@@ 295 may -,,est upon one of the outer panels 135 while the rear 40 face 297 of th,- sill member may abut against the inner face of one of the inner wall panels iS;.. It is proposed to provide a wide groove 293 in the under side of the sill member@ exlending longitudinally thereof, to permit some of the ceplen- 45 titious material 299, shown in Fig. 18, to en,ter the g:roove and bond the sill to the wall or to accom.- Modate a portion of one of the tubes 275. As shown in Fig. 15, the minor portion 295 maY 1),ave end extensions ZOO to g@ve good appearance to 50 the frame at tbe exterior of the building. The plates 285 a,nd 286 may be used to hold the -qill r,lerd-ber 28:2 against horizontal and vertical r-rovem,-nt, and the sill mernber may bear upon the upper ends of reinforcing rods 2 74. 55 T-12e companion jamb mgmbers 283 may be th,3 product of the same mold and are preferably of a width less than the width of the hollow between the runs 1.29 and 13,0 of the wall form units, as shown in Figs. 17 and 18. Each comprises a main 60 body portion 301,;, a longitudinally extending projection 30,2 st its oijter or sash frame - receiving side, this projection. 302 terminating as at 303 and 304 short, of the, top end 305 and bottom end 300, respectively ., of the, main body portion; and, a 65 longitlidinally exfending projection 307 at its inmr or. wall material facing side, this projection SOT preferably extending the full length of the main body p-ortion 30 1. The jamb m embers 233 are heid in Positioa by the, lower ends of the pro- 70 ic@Qtio,ns 30,2, res.',ing on the sill n-.ember, 282; by pla@tes, 267, Pnd, 2.8,,C, wwjch engage the edge faces 1.04, ancl. by t e top, niemj)er 284, as hereiilafter des@crib a. It s, tQ b.-@ noted that th plates 287 10 a reveal 309 of cementitious material inwardly and o:utwardly of the jamb members 283, which latter are partially embedded in the finished wall. The top member 284 is somewhat similar in formation to the jamb member in that it embodies a main body portion 3 1 0, a longitudinally extending projection 311 at its under or sash frame engaging face, terminating as at 312, short of the ends 313 of the body portion 3 1 0; and a longitudinally extending projectioll 314 at the top or wall material facing side, which projection may extend the full length of the body por@uion 310 ind serve to facilitate placing some of the reinforcing rods 274. The top member bears at its ends upon the upper ends 3U5 of the jamb members and the ends of the lower projection 311 bear upon the upper ends of the projections 302 of the jamb members, thus keeping the latter from tilting toward each other. The plates 289 and 290 cooperate with the Plates 287 and 288 to keep the frame member@ properly centered in the opening and to form a reveal 315 at. each side of the top member 284. It is to be noted from Figs. 17 and 18 that there are many air spaces or voids 64 about the frame 67 so as to keep the wall dry even adjacent framed openings. This also assists in preventing the fogging of windows and corrosion of metal sash and casement windows, and frames. From the foregoing it will be apparent tliat, having provided suitable footing 60 with anchor bolts 78 and reinforcing stubs 80 and 80a extending upwardly therefrom, the hollow wall portions 62 with frarned openings, sucl-I as 65 and 60 may be produced. The channel members 131 are first properly spaced, secured ta the footing and cross braced at their upper portions. The side panels 135 are then secured between the channel members 131 and the concrete poured in batches, using any suitable core as previously described, to provide the vertical void 63, if such is desired in any portion of the wall. The scaffolding 180 enables workmen to erect the forms,, place cores, etc., without setting up ordinary wooden scaffolding. In the example shown in Fig. 3@ the forms, etc,, are in read4@ness to pour the concrete up to a level where the cornice 72 is to be formed. When that level is reached, the cornice mold 84 may be placed, the steadying brrs 278 are removed and the pouring of concrete is continued to a level above the cornice gutters 7a. Before the concrete has set, anchor bolts $16 may be inserted in the wail for ceiling joists 317 and plates 318 for any suitable roof construction, not shown in, the drawings. After any cores 83 used to provide the vertical vo-ids 63 have been reinoved, a cap 319 may be placed over the vertical voids 03 to Produce dead air spaces, and the top of the wall is given any desired finish, such as that shown ip Figure 11, suitable for a gable roof. The construction 69 is suitable for, altho not limited to. fu-st or main ventflated floor construction, where there is no objection. to, girders being partially exposed, tor view, as. i-a the basement, It comprises suitably spaced girders 320, ceiling, slabs 321 and sub-floor slabs 322 in spaced relation providing the horizontal air space 74, supported by the girders, and a suitable floor finish 323, appli 'ed upon and concealing the sub-floor. The girder 320 is preferably of inverted T-shape and the mold 85 for forming same is, pref-,erably made mainly of separable rolled. metal sections, such as channels and angl es, altho the juncture between these pnd th., wal-I forw-s. is Uiade of spQ@ aud 23a coopero,',-,ewith., the,wall panels 135 to form 75@ cial un ts, parts of which shape t h e , g i r d e r s a n d i
[6]2,434,708 parts shape the wall. More speel-fically, the mold 85 in the example shown, comprises a sectional, transversely divided, bottom channel member 324 disposed with its web 325 horiz6ntal and uppermost, and its flanges $26 depending downwardiy r) therefrom; two sectional, transversely divided angle members 327 for cooperation, one w-Lth each flange 326 to form with the web thereof, the bottom enlarged part 328 of the garder, each angle member 327 comprising a vertical flange 329 atid 10 an outwardly extendiilg horizontal flange 330" two sectional, transversely d-ivided, upper channel n-lembers 331 for cooperation one vvith each angle member 327, to form a ledge 332 and a narrow part 333 of the girder, the web 334 of each 15 channel member 331 be'ng vertical and the outstanding flanges 335 and 336 be,',ng horizontal with the f6rmer resting upon the flange 333 of its companion angle member 327 and offset inwardly therefrom to produce the ledge 332; and suitable 20 end coupling, aiigle members 337 and 333 cooperating with the angle mernbers 327, the upper channel members 331 and panels 135 of the inside run 130 of wall form units to secure the parts together and to provide an opening 339 between 25 the girder form and the hollow between the runs 129 and 130 of the wali form u,@iits. If des@ired, a transversely divided sectional cover plate 340 shown in Figs. 21, 22 and 39 may be provided, to be temporarily secured to the flanges 3S3 of the 30 upper channel members 331 after the conere@ue has been poured in the mold, to prevent unset concrete in the mold from being forced therefrorq due to pressure of unset concrete being poured into the wall mold apparatus 0 1 above the open- 35 ing 339. The cover plate may carry transverse ribs 341 shown in Fig. 37, to produce transverse ventilating ways, not shown in the drawing, crosswise of the girders. The channel member 324 of mold 85 may be 40 supported by the channel rneii,@bers 131 of the wall mold apparatus 8 1, and by oyie or more similar channel mernbers 88 shown in Fig. 21 intermediate the wall mold apparatus, thru the use of channel member extensions 343 and 344, re- 45 spectively. The channel meiriber 324 is preferably made in major sections 345 and minor sections 346, an example of which is shown in Fig. 21, to facilitate dismembering the form after the concrete on the girder has set. The minor sec50 tion 346 is preferably of trapezium shape with downwardly and outwardly beveled ends 34'1 to conform to the upwardly and cutiwiardly beveled adjacent ends 348 of the major s-,Ptions 3a5. The sections 345 and 345 are detach,@ibl@y co@,inected to- r) 5 gether by plates 349 and bolts 31.-O. By removing the minor section, which may be easily dropped down after the bolts 350 and plal@-es 349 have been taken o'T, the major sections may be readily removed and handled by workmeli. The ends Of 60 the channel mernber 324 adjacent the wall fornis may have its flanges 326 beveled inwardly and downwardly as at 351 in Figs. 21 a.,ld 33, to conform to the bevel of one of the p ts of extension 343, as hereinafter described, and it is preferred 6 0- to form on the channel member a vertical wall surface molding dro 352 betw@-eii the flanges p 326, which may be bent downwardly from rpaterial of the web 325 or otherwise forlned and secured in place. 70 The angle niembers 327 may be in sectioiis 353 of suitable length for easy handling by workrnen and in addition to the longitudinally extending flanges 329 and 330 may have outstanding vertical end flanges 354, for securing the sections 353 75 12 together and to the special onchor members 337 adjacent the wall forms. Suitable bolts 355 are provided to secuke the sections together and to the me,-nbers 337. Also suitable bolts 356 are provided to secure the flanges 329 to the flanges 326. The upper channel members 33 i may likewise be made in sections 357 with outstanding, vertical end flanges 358 for securing the sections together and to the special anchor members 338 adjacent the wall forr@is. Suitable bolts 359 are provided to secure the sections together and to the members 337. Also suitable bolts 360 are provided to secure the flanges 330 and 335 together. The p'@ate 340 may be secured to the flanges 333 as by bolts 361, the length of the ribs 341 being substantially equal to the width of the space between the webs 324 of companion channel members 33 1. In Fig. 34 i show, in perspective, one of the special atigle members 337. It comprises a vert. -.cal wall 362 fortning a part of the enlargement 328 of the girder 320, adjacent the building wall-0 a vertical wall 363 in right angular relation to wall 302, to form a part of the face of the building wall; a top angular, horizontally disposed flange 364 bordering the top marginal portions of the walls 362 and 863 and provided with transverse holes 365 and 366 for the reception of bolts 4@@a7 used in detachably c6nnecting it to the spaced angle members 338 shown iii Fig. 35; a bottorn horizontally disposed flange 368 bordering the bottom of wall i'o63 and provided with transverse holes 369 for the reception of bolts 370 used to secure it to a wall panel 135 therebelow; a vertical flange 371 bordering the edge of walls 363 opposita- its juncture with walls 362 and provided with a transverse hole 372 for the reception of a bolt 373 used in securing it to another of the 'wall panels 135; and, a second vertical flange 374 bordering the edge of wall 362 opposite its juncture,with wall 363, and provided with a transverse hole 375 for the reception of a bolt 355 previously described as connecting one of the flanges 354 of the channel member 327 to this special angle member 337. It is understood that these members 337 are made "right" and "left" and may be so marked to facilitate assembly, it sufficing to describe one of them specifically; In Figure 35 I show, in perspective, one of the special riembers 338 which is similar to member 337 in that it comprises right angularly related vertical walls 376 and 377, the former serving to form a part of the narrow portion 333 of the girder 320 and the latter a part of the building wall; top angular horizontal flange 378 provided with transverse holes 379 and 380, the former for bolts 361 used in securing the end of the plate 340 thereto, and the latter to receive a bolt for securing it to the flange of one of the ordinary,side wall panels 135; and vertically disposed end flanges 381 and 382, bordering, respectively, the edges of walls 376 and 377 opposite their juncture, the fiange 381 having transverse holes 383 for the reception of bolts 339, such as are used tO secure the anges 358 of sections of the an@le inembers 331 together, and the latter for the receptioy-i of bolts 384 used to secure the angle member 338 to an adjace-@it side wall panel 135. However, I provide the angle member 338 with a bottom horizontally disposed angular flange 385 bordering the bottoms of the vertical walls 376 and 377, the portions 386 of this flange serving to form a portion of the ledge 332 of the gird,-r 320 next adjacent t'@lie side wall of the
[7]13. building, and the portion.38Tprovided@withtransverse holes 32.9-. f or the, reception. of th@e bolts. 3ij7! pre.viously@ referre& to,@ as sequring@ t-he, angle, me , m@ bers. 33T and 318 together. IrL ng,., 35, 1,. ajso,,@ sho,w. a,, segment of the, strips 204.' helci tllereto,, 5: by@ screw -s' 3.07,. The extension 343 for :@upportin@g the; tiQrizQa-. tal, girder forming channel member 324 on., vertical channel miembers IZ,,i of., the wallif-orm,@ c-ow@.pxis-es. a. channel@ s@egment &92.: with@ its, web,@ at IQI@ u,pngh.t sP4ced@ plates@ 302@, angle platbs- and! bolts,@ ii4,.and@ 395, for, secur-irig tlae@ p]aLtgs-, Z22@ to, the, meni@gks- 13!1@ aiid a9,a,, and, tlie) augle 383- tp., tbe, inembexs 1-24- arid 39,0,,. segment-, 390 znay be. of tlie swme-, QLo5@., io. section- a,% the chanael- rnediber@ and" @t5. up.pe.r,.@ PQrtim@ beyeled, as at, 3,9.6, tq; co4t@Ql-?m,, wit.,htlie. bevel.- 351 at. the end o,,f t-lle@ chAii-rtQ!,, m,:Qinj)@or,, 32t-, previou.517, dQs(zri)),Qd-. The IL X@w - Q4al 4QI @ sca @7@ pr,o.vida a,. bott-qm- fa-(,e, pa-,raltellpg- tlie, f-.Ace Qf b4e,vel 31i a3ia, f or.. @.ljrf-Aee@ CQzltgp-t mritl-l,. the, bevel OrK t,-jae, tap: of, t-.Ii-e,@ chaTi-Aet, member, 11, pnd Zl,. Tlaui@@ )@y rempvtng, the 3,1@ a@nd, $95@, t e@ segm@,@nt, 32-,9 ay l@e- easea@ frqm the@ side,, wpll sux,,,f;ace m, Qlded by tli--@ web, 32@ o thq, ng@m .1 - .,pjo arete@of t@hpwall@ a,:nd@ g@rder ha!@, becoynp@,glzt,, tii- thie@- dismepil)e@riiiq@ a-,c:ksl gi@,, 4- contin@iRt-!,qp@ of the chap,@,iel megi@I)er QxtQ44toll 3lt4@ is stmilqi!, tQ e@N@p4sion, 3,43 in, tli@at tt- epibQO-ie@ R, ch:k 4g!@l - :@@gment 3@0@% ;@h:own@, in FIgs n,,@ plpte@ @S;Q @ ,n- 1,, bolts@ ., @L d " nd 4pcj e:gpe_T),lVigri@ is tllgt@- t;4@@ Nv(,b 40 ot, @egra t act, as@ a wa - for gp-d. O_oq@@ n on-I - @he bottom., is- bevel d, g@- a@ti 4@D.4. to co-Tifei-,rl w-i,th- p@ bevel 4,05 @t@ the top of, c-han-nel -membeiz. 88 used as a tpm-porarycolur4-r-L, The, pjates@ $22: axio 401, detachably secure, the segmen-t 3$18 tO the chai)aiel m@ember 88', and. the, 1?jate 4:0,0 aad bolt& 402 detachal)ly con ect, the se@gmen@t to tb!,, n cha,ni@el m- embqr 3,-24., The seg@nex..lt 3,98 eq.,n, be eased ow.-ay from. the channel me-mbers@ 8@ aT.Id 324 when th,e bolts, 40J an-q, 40.2, ap-dplates 3,@9 and, 400 are rqmoved,, whpn- dis,mi@ mbQring, t.hp-, gircler form. T-,he girder 3 2-,O. may have metpl Teinf(?rcemQ-nts, therein.ofanysuitablecharp,et.Qr@ Asanexapiple,. I. show@ hQr@izontally. sl?aqed, longi.tud'@xiai.,,Y extending. r(?Os 406, i-p- t,he eilargernent. 328, whici,@ exten,cl into, th4e side: wall as sliown in Fig. and vertically spaced, horizontally eytei-idin.- rod.94.0,@7,. in the narrow pqrtion 33,3, of the girder, a@hieb may. likewise exteiid into, tlie, wall,., TTi. @ig. @2, tlle, rods 40@ are shown secured. to a eross bar- 408 E@yi(J, the bar and rod suspended in thp- gi@der m(id: b@, a, bridging@. bar 409 a44 dependin-,, cpjy-rier TI@e, bridge bar- has it e ds., in o 'S n penW.4:gs, in the,@ flanges@ 334, of cha4nel member 33,.!;., 1 After th@e gixder 320. has be@en fori4pd and set@, axid t-.he, Tnold 85. is rer4oved, as NvQl,!,. a3. tb w gxa iof@ the, slab: as sb,<),w.,a irt Fig,- 2t After the slabs 32 1. are plac.Qd, the.@ sul?,@fLo.Gr, slabs 32Z may each lik,@,wi,,@e. bei p@laced and@ calking c,om,pound. lt2 -may MI any spacesbetween th@e slabs 3- 92, as. shown: in Fig. 2.9. 7,0@ Fin-ally, any fioor fliish@ a23@ such as conerete, m-ay be, poured on the slabs to give a neat, sr.q,ooth floor surface. The construction 70 is siniilar, to, construction &g in, th-at it includes. su@itably spaced girders 414, T.5% 14 sub,@-fb),w slabs. ttS- Evnd a@ swtable f-l-por flnish 4,1@6@@. Howevizr,. instead. ofceiling slabs, p,, reinforce(L,, cont-inuous.- ox unbr,,oken ceiling. 41@7 i4@ formed belaw the.. girde@rs@ 414 by Tnold means 89 sho-wit im, F@gs, 3@7-@ o@nd- @8, aad @Qcu@E@d to t.he stri@ps. 4 1 B., girders, by. reinfoy. TTxe girdex 4-,1,4,1 ronipk@ses an, e.nll%rgi@d lower part 4,]9i and a- rxar@ro-w upper Part 420 cent.e.rlzo@ thereab-ove. pyoviding ledges 42 1. Suit,able I-on@ gitudinally ey@,tending i@einforqing@ rods 422, as welli as, t-he, upper4 portion 42-3,@ of the, st@xip.5 4 118 axe embedded@ in@ the. girder, t,he@ lowe,i@ exposed portion 424 of the strips functiqniiig@ to con -nrc@t the@ cei-ling, to thq., gtz(ler. Inasmtichas@ the: girdeir mo@d@@ 86 fQr pro tha@ girder-s 4,IA ar-e. similar to the molds 85, it sv-Mces to,@ desj3Libe the difference. Aside, from thq proportions of angle inembers, 42.5, upper channql, menibeis 4,1,6. w.Weh correspond to angle members also baa its, 1(,wer portion@, beveled., aE@ at, 30@7 tP,, 2a@, 32 7, and: u,@.p 11 ti e pi Q r 4 c h a n el m e m b e rs 3 3 1, r e s p e c v ly , used'i in- forn3:in&)@ the. sides of the@ enlarged pai@t 4 l@9, andi thei ledges- 4,,Z,1' axid. sides of the narrow part 4'.2-01 of,, the-, g-irder 4.,14,, a double channel member - i@- 6Z,7 , pxo vided to., take. the. place@ of channel 25-, meinber, a?,4, An, end portion of double channel a.w . u,,%from, the. ebanne 13:1@ and "4@, ancl, nwmber 4.Z-7 is@ shown, in Fig. 36. It comprises spaced@ web,- 428 providing a slot 429 for the ref n ception of the lower, pqrtiori, 424 of reinforcing. @@t-ripi 4:1,,8@, and@ each web. 424 preferably has a Qf-, t-hce@ gjgder ir.,pld. In effeet,, tl@w segm nt 3@RiO@ 3o,@ mai@ox, depending, flange@ 4,30 and a narrow depp-nddng Bange 43tl:, the flang,.es 4-30 being out ermost-. A ver - ,tical wal -1 molding drop, 432 on the, end@ of dd@uble@ ehannel member 42.;7 correspond,%. I - al wall@, molding drop 3 52 of the chan-. to@ the@ vert@c nel member shown in Fig. 33. The reinforcing stript 4@f.,8-,, and reinforeing rods 4@22. may be suspended, in the. mold@ by a. bridge bar 433 and depending carrier 43.4 in a maniier similar to the bx-idge bar@ 40.9@ and. carrier 4.1:0. If desired, the 40@ strip, tt8 may be provided in its upper portioii, 421 with., a. serte& of transverse holes 435 to receive@ cross@ baxs. 4.3 O' w.Mch firmly anchor the strip 4,t8 in@ the, girder., The eciling@ which, cooperates with sub4.Zt f-loor@ slabs@ 4,15: to p-rovide. the horizontal air sr)ace 7,1 comprises,. in addition to the lower portions. 4-2,,4@ of strips, 418t, reinforeing rods 437 extending thru; transverse: holes 43.8-, in the lower portion of tlier bar-, and a. mass. of cementitious material 50-- 422, such as-, concrete, inoided in place by inold mean& 89,. In Figs.. 3T a@nd 3B, t4e@ preferre.d mold means@ Og,i8- diaclosed@, It contemplates using the channel members 8,1 and 13if@ to support it. This is rifa. aecomplisbed by substituting for the channel rflember, extensions@ 341 and 344 relatively shorter e-xt-ensiQn@@. AL40@ for the support of horizontal chanii,- Lmembers.4,.4@l'spacedbelow andparalleling the bottoms: of the girders 41@4, and horizontal ceil60, ing plates. - 442 detachably secured to the chan@ net 1- nembers: 41t by 4olts@ 44.,3 The extensions 4CO,@ each compxises. a. channel segment 444 with m.Qld app . tps 8 l@,. t44@ ceiling !Z,ll may- be its@ weh.. 4t,& vertical, plates@ 4,4,6 and bolts 4,47 $ut:@@ forr@ detachably, securing the upright channel able c-all<irig 4 f@-Z may, b-e, placed-. to@ se4i tlie edgc@@. 05- mernj),er,, ta, thet segment t4.4, and plates 4.4 8 with bolts- 442@ for detachably connecting the segments 44,t to th e, channel@ members 4441. As may be noted in, Fig. 37,, the upper face of web 450. of@ the channel member 441 serves to shape a part of; t-he ceiljng. After the. gi-rdl-rs 414 are formed and the concrete@ is set, the girder molds 85 are removed, the@ reinfor-eing rods@ 4a7 are placed, and the ceilin@ riold 89 erected in@ readiness for pouring- of the, cem-en-titiou@smaterial4t@6. Eitherbeforeorafter@
[8]this rnaterial 4 1 6 is set, the sub-floor slabs 4 1 5 may be placed, calking if necessary as at 451, and subsequently the floor finish 416 is applied. 'I"ne construction 71 is similar to construction 70 in that it includes suitably spaced girders 452 and a celli-@ig 453, like ceiling 4 7, but inasmuch as it is desired to provide a horizontal air conducting space TO above the ceiling and also a dead air space 454 beneath a suitably formed roof 455, the construction 71 also somewhat resembles construction 69 in that there are provi @ded barrier slabs 455 spaced intermediate the ceiling 453 and roof 455. The girders 452 each resemble the girder 414 in that it comprises an enlarged lower part 457 and a narrow upper part 458 ceritered thereabbve, providing ledges 459. Since the girder inolds OT for producing the girders 414 are each similar to mbld 86 and the difference is only in proportion of parts to preferably provide a deeper narrow girder part 458 and a shallower enlarged girder part 457, it suffices to state that the mold 87 comprises a lower double channel member 400, angle members 461 and upper channel members 402, with suitable corner angle members 463 and 464, the members 461 to 464, inclusive, forming the sides of the girder portions 457 and 458, and the ledges 459. After forming the ceiling 453 as by mold 89, the barrier slabs 456 may be placed in a rnanner simil@ar to the ceiling slabs 321, using calking 465, and subseqtiently the roof 455 placed@ such comprising in the example shown, sub-roof slabs 466, suitably calked at 437 if necessary, and roof finish 463. A very important feature of the invention is the wall construction br formation with relatively large vertical air spaces or voids 62 and relatively small horizontal air spaces or voids 63. This not only makes for low cost of construction and efficient insulation against the Passage of much heat or cold from one side to the other of the major portions or expanses of vialls, and also around glazed openings and doorways, but in addition, enables the walls to be constructed to effectively carry the floor and roof constructions and the live loads coming upon same. The vertical zones 493 where the tubes 273 are located, may be likened to the studding or posts in small buildings, and to columns and pilasters in larger buildings, and may be located mainly where the v7all supports the greatest loads or requires greater strength due to 6penings. The zones 49@4 between zones 493 may contain one or more vertical airways or voids 63. These zones 494 may be likened to the sheathing, siding, plaster ground and plaster of small buildings, where the tile, brick, or other wall panels between girders and c6lumns of larger buildings. There are these important exceptions, however, as the walls of the present invention are of inexpensive, monolith or integral construction, requiring no special exterior or interibr finish, such as painting, ebating and plastering, altho such may readily be resorted to if desired, and the wall construction effectively prevents, to a great extent, the passage of heat or cold from one face of the wall to the other, withbut resorting to insulating materials, such as wool, etc. It is to be uncierstood that the foregoing ill,,istrations and detailed description of buildings, and apparatus used in forming the same are merely by way of example; that changes in details, proportions and arrangement of parts of the apparatus may be resorted to without departing 2,434)70S 16 from the spirit of the invention; that the apparatus may be used to produce many sizes and types of buildings; requiring mainly the sevices of competent architecls, builders or engineers to determine, without an exercise of iiiventive faculty, ho@v to use the appara-tus to produce sturdy and inexpensive buildings. I
