claim: 100 Apparatus for the distillation of ,t solid carbonizable subst,,Lnee comprisin . o- iii coiiibination t retort, a scrublber, ,t gaZ iiialn, the said gas i-nain being aclapted for use as a scrubber, an evaporator separate from the l-e5 9,tid sertibber, a superheater, aiid meaiis foitheir coiliiection iii series, the s,,tid means bein(, adapted for tl-ie admission iiito the retort of siiperhe,@ited stea,m fi-om the superhetter, for theadi-nission iiito the scriibbelof a mixture of (ras, vapour -,tnd steam froill the retort for @'dmiss'on into the inaiii of gas from the scrubber, for the admissioii iiito the evapoi-ator of hot ivater from the mtin, and for the re-circulation of part of the hot witer back fi-oin tlia eiaporatoi- to the iiiaiii, aiid for the admission into the superheatc,,r of the steam froin theevaporttor, sLibstaiiially as hereinbefore described. EDGAR ROUSE SUTCLIFFE. 130

Patented July 7, 1931 l@813 826 UNITED S-TATES PAT@EN'T OFFICE EDGAR ROUSE SUTCI;IF.FE, OF LEIGI-I, ENGLAND APPARATUS FOR THE DISTILLATION OF SO'T-ID CARBONACEO-US SUBSTANCES Applicit,ion filed September @23,1926, Serial.No. 137,316, and in Great Britain September 28,1925. This inireiit;.oil rel-,ttes to process ,AnOt:apparatus for the distillation of coal and other sol.'cl carL@oiaL,,eeoussubsta,.ice. more especially:of the kilid in whi.6h heaters or regenei-ators ii'e - Lised as means for heatiii-,tlie t, gas, or the gas aiid steam, or the ste,,tm,used as the vehicle of :he,,tt iiiterii,@lly applied for carryin(,, out 'Uhe distillatio@-i, aiid the iiin vention is more especially aplilicable to;thf,, distillation of solid,carbonaceous slibsta-nees of the character of coal, shale or wood by the interi-ial application of heat. The invention is especially a plicable for p carry i"g out ;di8tillation uiider the coliditions hereinafter set - forth. The inveiition has for an especial object to utilize steim in the distill,.ttion of carban-,tceous substances such ts coals aiid shales, or as the vehicle of heat. applied in the distillition, and to utilize a relatively coiisiderable quantity of steam under ecoiioi-iiical conditions, so as to secure an exceptionally hioli yield of by-produe'us aiid especia,lly of ,tliimonium stilphate and tar, 25 to(retlier with a stibstaiitial qtiantity of liuli'u n oils, and a very high yield@of gas. Accordin(y @to the @invention the -heat of t, the gases and vapours froiii the @retort ;is utilized foi- the piodiiction of steam,for use DO in the distillation, or as the vehicle of @heat Llpplied ii-i the distillation. Accordin- t ,-, o the invention mcreover the ,(r,.tses and vapours coiiiprisi-ng ithe surplus s I te,,m used iii the distillation or as the veat ,5 Iiicle of licat, are brought iiito intim e contact with hot water, which is thereby heated -to boiling point, and s'U-,am is there-tipo,.i evaporated from the heated water for passage iiito the retort ifter first being heated 10 is for exaiiiple ",ithin t blast stove or regenerator. The iiivention comprises a;method involvin- the alteriiate - Lise of i-etorts provided for operation iii paii-s or other nuiiiber with generators, as well as feattires i-iivolved in such a method. The invention also CoMprises ineans for disel-iaraino- the carboiiized residue from the r retort, an the invention -enei@ally comprises ro coiistructional features @'1,)plicabT@e to appar,,i'Lus o,f tlle type indiclted. The i-nvention com rises the fettures o'L P ii-iethod aiid appara,tus liereii-iaf ter described. The utilization of the heat of the gases r,:-, @,iid vapours fr6i-ii -the retort for the procluctioii of steam for use in the distillation iiiay advanta(Yeously be carried out in apt, paratus such as hereinafte,.@ O@escri-bed, or it may be carried out in apparatlis sucli as de- (Io scribed in the specification of the prior Patent No. 1,584i487, or it m@,ty be carried out under conditions in which the hea'u is applied exterilall y to the retort in which the distiliatioll is effected, or in -vvhich@heat is p,,irtly ap- t) plied externally and partly iiiternally, or partly or eiltirel,)7 by the use of heatecl. iy@-tses t, lpq@sse d through the retort, or partly or mpinly or eiitirely iii the use of ste@)lli prelieated before adiiiissioii @to the retort. 70 I Ti-ie ',,.veiitioii iii@ty advaiitageol-isly be carried out uiicler iiioderate tel-aperattire coiidi,'Uion s, that is to say, iii which tl-ie iiiaxiiiiuiii ten,.peratu@.-e applied to tile clilrg-, to be distilled is -,boti'u 750' C. Thus, Nihere t is 1 I t, he steiiii ' use,-l as t v,--h'cle for the hea. a,)I@lied ii-i 'uhe distillat'on, the steaiii will be pre-he,,tted to a te@iip-@rttiire correspondiiigly higli,-r th, 111-1 @hat i-iidicat--d. It -vvill lio,A,ever be uiiderstood that the maximLi,@i-i Leiiiper,,ttii-e iii distillatioii is substantially uiiclei, 101(,100 C., inlorder that.the us-. of stealli sh.@.'Ll reslilt in the decoiiiposition of iiiethcille, ai'ld that its reactioil with ca,.bon -for 85 the product@.on of w,,ter gas n-iay be avoided or iiiiiiimized. Thus, Liiider these cojiditions a relativel.-@ hi(Yh )Tield of hydrogen rosultg, a correspoiidii),crly loia,ei@ proport;on of 45 correspondiii,-; heaters, blast stoves, or. recarboii moii-oxide, tliaii if tle teiiiperatui@e go

2 1-@813,826 -were StIffiCiel-itly Iligli 'UO 'lltvoiir the -water gas reactio-.i. If it be ass-Lii-ned thpt 100 lbs. of steam be adn-iitted to the retort for every 100 lbs. of 6 coal to be di-stilled, aiid if the v,,ater Yapotir ,ind o,,ases in the retort off-t,,ike be assumecl to have for exainple a teiiiperature of 300' uo 350' F. tl-iere is @Lheoretically more than sufficiei-it liea'u aval.lable to vaporize 100 lbs. of ivater at the s,,ii-ne tei I i-iperpture. Thus, if 10 the gas aiid vapolir froiu the retort oft-take are spr,-tye,-l ivith the i@,ater for ex,,Lrnple at 180' F. the -w,.Lter itseci iiiay be heated for example to 210' F. and thus on the ev,,ipora15 tion of a part of the -w,,tter aiid co-Liseq-Lient eoollpg of the reiiiainder to abo-Ltt 190' F., a si-ibstantial proportion slich as 50 lbs. of ste,,iin inay be procILiced which iiiay be compressed to the -v@'orli--ing pi-essure in the re20 tort, -,nd may be passecl throu-h the retort n after first beirg preh-1,@ttecl as for example, ii-i a blast stove or regeiierator. Thus steam is reiiclerecl avqilable by the Litilizatioii of the heat of the gas and vapo-Lir pr6duced Ili 'uhe distillation. It ivill thus be LtT-iclerstood that the heat of the g,,is and vapotir prodiiced in the distillatioii iuly be utilized iii f-. serlibber or gener-,tily in a heat exch,,Lno-er of any stiit30 able form. No li-mita'Lion is involved to the type of ser-Libber or he,,,tt exchalager used nor to its eonstrtiction or oper,Ltion, it beiiig unders,'ood th,,Lt the heat of the o-as a-@id val)our ,S 5 froii-i the retort is utilizecl directly 'Lor briiigilig to about b,)iliiig poiiit ,t ii-,,tter liquor -v@,hich is ev,,ipor,,tted for the supply of vapour for eire-Lilation thro-Ligh the retort. Similarly, iio li-i-n'lta'uion is involved to the 40 type of ev,,tporitor tised iior to its coiistruetioii, iior to the me-,ti-is of iii,,tlntaiiiing rediieect presstire or -Dartial vac-Liuin therein. It w@@ll be understood that the vtl)otir is advai-it-,t(- eousiv passecl throiigii a heitei-, k-' 4@, bl,,ist stove or i-eoeiieratoi- before 1)assiiiy -ito the retoi-t --Vhere it is h-eated 'co the (Iteii N gpee iiecessarv fOl' C',Il@l-IlilIO' OLIT the distillttio-.i i-iiider fii.e coiiditioias Oescribecl. The ;;o .5 5 retort m,,ty be provided iiitli tivo Stich heaters, bl.ast stoves or re(-;enerators, @viiieh i-ilay bp- tised alterriately l'or suitable 1)eriods sucii as ore-h,-,If Iiour. The heaters, blast s'uoves or r@geiier,.it,,ii-s iil,,,v be heated by the coillbustioi-L there;lii of '@-as, and the steltn procluced ii-i the mf,,i,@ner b-Ifore @tescribecl iii,,ty be 1),,tssed tl@rou(,h the heated bl.ast stoves 6 . r re(yei-ier,,ttors may be proj'ectecl therei,,, 'Lth other gas or ste,,im. Or idstea(l w ove lieater, bi,@ist stove or regenerator i-iiay be 60 ,)rovidect -,'or each retort, the m,,ike of (,-,-,s being discontinLied iii ore retort d,,iring tb.e beiiig sprtyecl by the water liqtior whiel-i is he,,ited for evf-tl)oi-,itioii in the iiiai-iiier described. Siiiill,,ir-lv, a part oilly of the -as ,,.iid vapotii- f i-orn the retort iii,,ty be Lised accorcllii,u to the inveiitioi-i, ,ind iiieans niay 70 be pi-ovicled whereby, when the i-iiake of gis fi:oiii oi-ie re'lort of a pair is stispended durip@t), the heitiii(, of its cori-esl)ondiriu blast s'Love or -.,egeiierator, the @,Yas and vlpo-Lir fi-oiii the ottler i-etort of the pair ina be 75 y passe(I tlii-o-Ligh the heat exchaliger, whereby oiie heat e-xchaiiuer and evtporator i-iiay tlius be -Lised for tv,,o or iiiore retorts. The inveiitioii is diagramrnatically illustrated in 'Llhe accompai-iyi-@ig draiviiigs in so ivhich Fig-Lire 1 is a diaoranimatic view of the apparattis ei-n loyeci7for titilizi-.ic, the heat p n of the retort vapours aild gases for tt-ie prodliction of steaiu for use in the distillition. 85 Figure '-? i-s a diagrainmatic vie-@v of the retort and c6nnected heaters or regenerators. Figtire 3 is a vie-w in elei,ation, partly in section, of a superheater, heater and retort. Fi ure 4 is a view in elevttion of two re- go 9 torts. In carrying the invention into eltect as ilIListrited ii-i Fi,(_Yure 1, a scrubber a inay be provided of the spray type, -which m,,ty consist of ,t casincy that in,,ty, for example, be 95 disposed in position betnveen t-wo retoi-ts stich as 6, and tliit iiiay be divided iiito two pai-ts by a vertic,,ul pai-tition o or be otherwise formecl into tivo parallel comp,,trtments, the second of whicli iia,,ty be shorter tb,,tn ioo tl-ie first and both termiriate at '(iio lo-,ver end in ,L contracted opell part a, dipping into ,iii open t,,Lnk or trty d by iihich t llq-Liid seal is m,,Lint,,tip-ed. The partition c exteiids short of the bottoi-a so th,@Lt thus the o,Lses 105 aiid vapotirs which enter the casing a@t its tipper endadj,,teeiit the upper end of the respective retorts 6 may pass downll,,trdly iii one c()mp,,ti-ti-iieiit ai-id Lip",ardl iii the y next as indicated by the arrolvs, i spray of iio water being provicled at the upper end of eacli coiiipirtiiielit foi- cleafiino- the uases and vapo-Lirs and separatiiig from them the solid pa.-ticles that inqy iemaiii suspended 'lierein, ind this tink or tray d liaay clraiia ii5 to the ainiilonia liquot, i,eceiviiio, tank of the plant, which i-nay be disposed beneatli and ,it the relr of the retorts tnd of the regeneratoi-S of the plint. Fr6m the secoiid compartiiieiit of the sertibber a, the gases 120 aiid v,.tpours niay issue iiito part of '@he gis iiiaiii e ivhich is dist)osed or has its loiaer I -iation f roii zn part disposed at ,t @li(yht 'nclii the horizontal toivards the liqtlid outlet pipe (,', ai-id iii which -as maii e the (yases Lnd 125 zn tn vapours may be furthel- sprlyed thi@ougli I heating period of its blast stove or re-eiie,,,a-- horizontallv disposed ipe f. A special p tor. p-Liiiip iii,,ty be provided for the eireiilatioil of Tho -as ,tnd vapo-Lii@ from 'Uhe retoi-t iiiay the water or liquor to the scrubber a. n 0-1) be spi-ayed with t,.tr or other liquor before The liqtior iii the tank or tr@iy d is kept 130

sep,trate froiii the liquor used f or sprayiiiu the g&ges ,tud vapotirs i-.1 '@he (Y-,s ina;li,. e. The gi-eatei- pa,i@t o'L the hot -",ater or liqtior is ci.rcul,,tted by aiiother pliinp g -,nd passed tlirotigli the pipe f extejidillo- at the upper p,Lrt of the (,reater pax-t of the lengtli of the g,-@s III, wbich, for the purpose, inay be onlargecl iii diameter, aild spray pipes fl iriav exteiid withiii the main and tl-ius tlii@oiic;h these sprly pil)es fl a IDrge vluine oy ho't water or liqiior is coiiN-e37ed aiicl sprayed tl-irou,)-l-i the gases ajid vapours as @n thev pass 'hi-ough the jiiaiii. The hot water u or liquor thus sdrayed@ returns througl-i the l@5,' lowermost pa,rlu of the gas iiiaiii e iiito. the iiquid outlet pipe e@ tiid: passes iiito a settlljio- tai-il@ li,, aiid thus ,t co,@,stLnt eircultti-oii of bot v)Tater or liquor is maiiitaiiied throu(,Th the gas intiii, aiid as this qin c,@r5@G, ries a ltrge voj"Luii-ie of steam the steam is c,oiideiised aiid raises the temperature of the liot iNa'L-er or liquor approxiiiiately to boi.1i@ig poii-it f(,,r exq_mple 210' F. as it e.,iters the settling tank A. The set'@-I'liag t,,tiil@: 7@ is pro-@,ided in its upper pa,vt with aii iiavertecl(,,371iiider 7L' siibstaiitially less iii diaiiie'Ller th.iii. the 'Uaiii,- It, ftiid open -,t -its lo-,Ner encl so that thus, as the hot - water or liquor enters the taiil,: 7t, it flows over the closed 'Uop c,,(' of the iiii-ertedi c371inder Al aiicl @uhence pisses dowi-iwardly, the tar settliiig at the bottoin o'L the t,-.nl@: It, while the hot water or liquor passes ul)--war(Ily within ,tnd throiigh the iiii,ertecl cyliiider 7t', ,tnd t'heiiee passes iii'Llo the casipg o'L aii evtporttor or flash tanIK t disdosecl a(Ijacent the upper end of the set-",hei@e the hot ivi4.-er or liquor ti.iii t"Llll@: 7@@ ii-iay floiv, over a iveii.,-;, oi- 1-k,eii-s and thence iiito an outlet pipe i2 ancl- downivard to a pill-lip ti.nli: j wliieh, in turii, feeds tiie eirctil,Ltiilff puiiip g. Over the ei,,tporator c,,isin'CY or fiish tink i a cyliiiclrical steam reeciver or aiili-priiiiiiiig. vessel Z@ is providect ,I-iav;.iig Lt its joi,,Tcr erd a spii@al or otlier ad@@qf@ irissioi-ipass,,i(ye by willich a@iy p,,Li,tielles o, t, v@,ate,r tlidt iiiay eiitraii,.ed, iiity be deposited aiicl dr,,tlii bacf@ to t'tie ea;-,,inu @,, the object beitig eft'ectii,ely IL-o Oriiii the steim as ;-t eiiters the r-leeiver k. A hi(yh pressure ste@im e@,ector 1 ii,@,iy be iited upoii the steain i-ecei -,,er 7o aiid is act,uated by live steaiii, th-, ejc@ctor I itiai-.Itaiiiiiig sticlu-ion oii the steaiii receiver k aiid coi,@sequ(,iitly oii the evaporator cas,.Dg or flash boxi, hereby steal-ii flaslies off the hot NV w,,tter or liq-Lior in passi,-ig throtio-li tl-ie (.@vapor I qtor casing. The v,,ipour thiis dravNTii off is papsed. dowii a pi-pe 11 iiito the mtinco-ii:iectiiig pipe leadiiig to tli.e retorts b. Aluthe position of conneetioii in exlitust s'eaiii ejector iiiay be i)rovided wbich ii-iay be slipplied ivith steai-ii froii-i -,@, steam ongii-ie, tiid wl)ich is exljlqusted at t slio@lil@ pi-ess@,,,i@e, tbove the at.,i-iospliere aiicl@ i-nay @n fori-rt ai-i ejectioii O.b app,,tratus 'Lo ,i,ssist in. iiiaintainincr suctioi-i in the pipes le,,tdiiig froiii the stenii-ii receiver le ,ti-id ev,,iporator i,. The steaiii t]-ius drawii off- theiiec passes tiirough one or other of the valves leadiiig iiito one or other o'L:the retor's of the plailt accoretiliff to the cycle of operatioii. Overflow pipes-iii,ay be I)rovidecl froiii the s-.ttliiig t,,Ini@ It ".nlt-,o aii oaei,- fioiv taiik, so that too iiiiieli liquor cor@ies over 1L li'llty flow back Lutoi-iiaticallv for recirculatioii throtigl-i the systeiii, while on@brfiow pipe-s III ety also be provieledi frolii 'u-i-ie pump t--iil@: @ by whicli surpl.tis -",ater or liqtior iiiiy p@iss to th,- settllii'a tanks of the sulph@tte pl,,tiit. In oi)eratilo,,i@ the temperature of the liot iv, a'Llor or liqi,,or as it' passes@ ii-it6 '@-ho, puiiips iitay be about 190' F., while o,.i en'L;.-riiio- the c,,as iuaiii, the witer or liq-dor may, be about 180" F. aiid ivi-l'Y. becoiiie heated in the gas inaiii to abotit 210' F., it being un(lersluood luliat steain 'LS prodijeed in the evaporator iiiider'tlic,, low pressure induced biT the ejector which jilay be from 7 to 10 lb;. absoltite,, aiid the water on reachino- the pujiip tajili: iiiay cool to abotit 190' F. and th6 steaiii passed to the re-enerator where it is heited ),)efore pc-,ssao@e throigli tt-i.e retort in whicli its lieat is i-itilized, i-n the dis4LiHa'u-ion of- the; char(Ye thereiii. It vT-"I.l be understood th,@tt 'uhe actutl temperi,tlires riiay \,ar37 according to the coiiditions prevailinz, those ilidicated beiiio,@ (Ylvell I tD b-y Nvay of exainple. It will be uncleilstood that draiii@-,(Ye pipes m@iy be provided for the, tar and liquors. Tlius, tecordin(r to the iiivention a coiisidorable quan, ty of steaiii may be ge @ed bi neral under ecoiiomical coi-idit;.ons aiicl used in tlildistillatioii, wilereby exceptionally Iiigli yields of by-prod7Licts and a high yield of uts of good calorif@c Nialue are seeured. Tlius, the gas and hydrocai-bon vapours I.c,,aviiig the re'Lorts will carry % considerable quantity of water vapoulr. The teiiiperature on leaN,Iiig the retorts iiiay be for exaiii le p 3500 F. Iii passing thi.,ough the uas iiiaiii the wa'uer vapoiir is conde,@ised, as izs-'also the - rea+ler part of the coiiteiit of tar, aiid the (TI@is aiid vapotirs leave the gas main at x cooled for exaiiiple to aboti'u 185' F. It has beei-i 'oupd thot the use of steaiii. as a eircii-L Ii t medium under the conditioiis ilidica"- ive exceptionill-y good results wher'e the -.ti-nount of -Qteam used is 4 lbs. per lb. of coal distilled, blit Po limitation is ilivolved to 'he amoupt ol' steam used, aiid the a,-tiiouiit of steai-n tised inay be i,aried accordiiig to t'lle yi.elds :equired in p,,trticulftr cases, but 'In -e--Lieral the aiilouiit of steam used may be subs'tailtiall@7 less. It is preferred to us- a steaiii injector as t coiiveiiiei-it iiiealls of creatin- the necessal-y A,actitini in the eiaporator and of applyiiig pressure wi@uhin the retort. TI-ie followii-ia figures deiiioiistr.,ite @ o Lb lo) 7!, @l

4: 1,813,826 iitility of the, process of tlle ilivelitio-.1 tncl show the qtilltlltity of steai-ii aviil,,tble per 100 lbs. of coal ui-icler the ,tssuinl)'uions naiiiecl. The follo\vin- data, are assumecl,4pecific he,,it of gas au([ liycirocarboii vapours ,Pat--- -ii --------------------------- ..3 eeific Yja7t %vater,vapour at temperatures shown at ------------------------------- 5 Tempei-ature of liquor after circulation ------ 210' Fahr. Teniper,ittil@e of liquor for ciretilation -------- 1881 Fabi-. Latc,iit heat of witer vapour at 212' Falir --- 070 B. t. Li. Latent heat of %vater vapour leaviiig flash box 10 it 11. 1 1831 I@'ahr --------- ------------------- OS8 B. t. ";I)ecific heat of water --------------------- 1 T@Inperiture of -ases and valIGUrS ill retort-- 350' Fahi@. Tcnii)er,iture of @ases ,Llid vapours leaviiig @ipparatus --------------------------------- 185' F,,Lhr. The ' latent heat oi the hydrocarbon Va15 polirs is iiot t,,il@eii into accotint. The coiiclitions based on each 100 lbs. of coltl uiicter c,,irboniz,,Ltion in,,ty bo t,,tken to be, as f olloivs :- I We,igbt of gas s al,(l liy(Irocarbon vipours@40 lbs. 20 Condensable hydrocarbon Yapours in apl)oLratus@10 lbs. Stcaiai passed to retort per 100 lbs. of coal=100 lbs. Stcaiii reeoiered by apparattts=1.20 lbs. Steani added as e,,.zha@ist steaiii and for oporatiilg the ej.ecton,=60 lbs. The steam decoiiil)o-,ed in the i-etoi!t s,.iy@5 lbs. Steam aii(I vipor coiideilse(I ancl p@sse(i froni ipparattis as stirpltis liqLior@2@5 lbs. 25 Vapours, colitaiiied and mixed with gises Icaviilg api a@ X in _T)ri-,I)oi,tioii at toinperature liain@-,( about I vapour-I gas=30 lbs. Oil the basis of the above indic,,ited data the follo-",ino- fi,- t, tires show respectively the stean-i qutntity and heat eq-Liations and t he 30 titilization o'L heat ,tbsorbed in the process STEA,L@I QUANTITY EQUATION Enteringretort Lea ving app,,iratus I 35 Ex@@@,,ust stoam and ejecCondeiased to liquid---- 25lbs. tor stelim ------------- 60 lbs. Contained in g@-ses and v al)our '@t X ---------- 30lbs. Steaui fromste,,imrecovSto,,im decomposed in ree,@y,,ipparatus --------- 120lbs. tort and counted as g as -------------------- ', I b @;. 40 Ite covered and returned t o i,etoi-t -------------- 120 lbs. -- 180 lbs. 180 lbs. IIEAT EQUATION 45 Qiiaii.t,!,ties of Iteat absorbed iii tlte pi,occss Froni sensible heit of gztses and hydroc@irboii vapoui,s entei-inQ,,it 3bO,tr@<1 leav@ ng at IS5=40,c.3 (350-185) =19SO D. t. u. From,@eiisible he,,it of w,,iter v,,tpour cotidei)sed in Ippti..Itiis=(i8o,@-30) .5 x (350-212) = 10,160.,, B. t. u. Froin sensible he,,tt of A@,,iter N,,,ipoul- enteriiig .it 350 ,ind leavin,g ,il)paratus,,itl85,Fp,hr. =30x.5x(350-185). =2475 B. t' u, 50 Froinlatentlieatofste,,imco ndensedby,ipl)arattis=(180-,@- 30)xg7o 140,650 B. t. u. To',,,il=155,110 B. t. u. absorbed. DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT ABSORBED IN TIIE PROCESS In 120 lbs, vapour exliausted from '@lash 55 boxandv,,iporized,,indl)assedtoi,etort=120x@.88 B. t. u' r",I(li,,ttion losses 36,5@10 B. t. ii. Tot,,.l B. t. i-,' Fo-,- p-,tssiiig to the retor'u- the recovered 6o vdpour it 8 lbs. absol-Lite requires heatin(y to 213(l F,.ilir. corresponcling to ,tn absoltite pressure of 15 lbs. per square iiieh, ai-id it i@ (le.inonstr,i,ble that the eiiergy in the 6( lb,-,. ejector steam and exhtiist steim Nvlll efl@eet 65 the required dutyThus, witli aiaiple iufti-o,-in for racli,,ttioia losses the -Lise of Go lbs. 6f steiiii ctn induce a cli-culatioii effect equal to 180 lbs. o-'L steain. I\Ieans iray be provicled for the pol-ioclic adm-issloll of milk of limp, into the ti-ay t,,Lnk 70 and ,Lt ttie lower eiid of the scrubber or heat excliaiio-er ancl of the evaporator, refuse tanks may be connected for the reception of the sILidge aiicl speiit Ili-ne aiid liquor under the coiitrol of valves, and the sludge aiid 75 speiit lime a,-id liquor may be pei-ioclic-,Llly cliseliai-o-ecl froiii the, refuse tanks - thro-Li,,Ii valves. - el It will be understood th,@tt gas and vapour admitted to tl-ie lieat exel-ianoler iiiay be at .t 80 teiiipei@.-@ttire of aboiit 300' Pt@'to 350' F.@ @iiid th,,tt as tho liqtior actiiiittec-I at the top of the heat oxchaiiger iiill have a tempei-ature of aboilit 200' 1".@ the liqtior on arriviiiy at 'Lhe lower e-tid Aiill have acqliired ,t teniperature 85 of- abolit 2120 F., and possibly 1-ilglier clependiiig -Lipoli tlie pressure tnd oti-ier coiid.itions LiiicLei, the apparattis is operatecl. A certai-,i part of 'ulie hot liq-Lior ivill be eltai)ortted iT-i the evtporator as the boil- go - iiig poin'@- Nvlll be reclticed accordii-i(, to the e@ vac-Liulii used. The vapotir prodticed is theii ptssecl irto ihe i-etoi-t too'ether with the other n (Yases @@-hat may b(- -Lised and -with the steam 1 th,,t is projected irto the retor'- for the p-Lir- 95 pose of eirculat'on, Avhile tl-ic lio-Lior ace-Liliiu@L latincr in tlie evapor,,ttor tnd which has fallen somewliat in teiiiperatLire diie to its partial eiaporatioi-i is recirculated into the lielt exchqnger as before described. In this w,,t@, a loo ' d consi -.rable paj--t of the heat of the (T,,ls ,tiicl vapouifi,oin the retort oft-t,,ike may be recoverecl ancl 1-ised f or the (yeneration of ATtpoLii- for return into the ret@rt. Iii carryip-- the inveiltion into effect in 105 uhe arrangement of the coiinected retorLLS' and he,,iters or rooenerators as illustptted iii Fio.ures 2, 3 and 4, two vertic,@ll re'L-orts ct., a (Figure 2) may be provided, together witli two corr-,spoiidiii- vertical heatei-s ol! re- 110 ('eiierators A ayid the i-etorts aiid lieatei@s are so coiii'lectec[ that the cliqr(ye in e,,ich t, of the i-e'uol-ts in qlternatin@,- pei@iocls is u idtp'ect to be inter-Liil.ly he,,tted by 1-neaiis of gas, or of gas .),nd steaili, or of steai-ii, Avhicli ii5 , is heated to the necessary tempertture by beiiig passed through the correspoiidin" heater. in a plant comprising the elen-ieiits in(licated in Figtire 2, one of the he,,tters or re-eiierators is 'tieated in ,ilternatiii-- periods 120 tncl durin- ti-ie resil-ective lieatino, periods the Z-1 coi-respol]Ldin,-, i-et6rt is cut out. Th-Lis, if thlie-,Ltiii- period and the gas-iiiaking pei-ioci are e,,ich oiie-half hour, olle retort is siibjecteci to heat for oiie-half hour aiicl is etit 125 oli'u- from the direct application of heat for ,tiiother hqlf -hotir. V,,tives B M,,iy be provideci iii 4,lie ofrtalce of 'L-,Iiie, ie@,@pectlie i-etorts, aiid these n-iay be respec-@'Iyely closed wlien the respective retort 130

is to, be,, isolated, from, tl-ie direct applic,.ttioii In operation, it -will be under@stoo.d that. on o@ heat. For'this p'-L'ij@'p butterfly. t' pse a... yp,e the terminauion of the he,,tting pi@riod of one of va .1i,,e is advantageously eiiiployecl, ancl it of ti-ie,heaters or i--eoeiiei, a t o r s t h e o u t l e t i s "i 1T@()unt,ed,upqn a. spindle @idj@tdent the:ijpp@,r CI(Sed by mea ) I S o f , , , s t i i c a b l e v a l v e , a i i d , t h a t pa t of the offttl@@e outle,@ ,tncl in. such m,,tnt'he iiiiet 9 r 5 . r@ of as fo coii-ibtiE:@tioi,tliei@.eiii.is cut 70 ner that the lower. ed e of the v,,ilve by o. while the Iie,,ttina m-diiiiii is then II @ - .19 I , I I 1 13 adparti,ti rotatioji of the vaii,(@, is, movedi Qiitinit,ted by stiitt@le@ va'lves. Lipwardly iii opq,,114g. @5tLeh Accordiii- t,6 a mo(lificatioii, tivo Ileaters v-,@lves -,ire aclapted; for isplatiii@_r tlie, respeeor recrenerttors i-iiav be eii.-iplo3,ed 'Lor etcli .10 ti,)"Q retorts a, a in stich manner -,ts whil.e al-t--tort and bo@h tl@j heqter s o i , r l e ( y e i i e r a ' u o r s 7 5 Z " lowiiig the otitward o't. @iiv (!,a8 pro- ieated iii the saiiie p,-,.,iods, iiid the he duce'd in tho ret',ort etit o'ut,, iinder the effect of heat pi,ei,iously Ipplie-,I, ivill ai,oid@ dra-w, i-,lg througl-i the retort ,tny I)rod-Lie'Ls. of, coiii1,5 bustioi-i de@ived. from tl@e coriespoiiding and coniiecte,d heater or rege-.1 Qrator, dti,r.incy t,ic period: the rctgrt @.s thus isqlated. I"@ will tiltis be understoocl thtt di-irin- tl-ie k7 periods iii, -which tl-ie, respqctive retorts. ire isol,,ited 2,1 the hett alread . i I @ - y applied to. the charges th@rein, mi trinsmitted fron-i y be, g, the outside inwardly of the briquettes or pieces, oIr par-,ticlea of coal up-cllergoiin(y distill,t'tion, and thqt altl-.toi-ioh the 'dire6t tppl,ic,,ttion, of heat to the o-liarge@ is cliscontiiau,erl dtirin- tliose, respee'Live pei-iods., the I @ t, -- v,,ti)oriz,vtion continties uncler tlie conditioi-.Ls 7)rev@iilinu@. Thiis the respectii,e val)7es B are so p ovicted and set tba'u the outlet of gas :it) @ixid v,,,,poiir. from. thp, isolated retort may be permitted - while avoiding. tlie. induct,.oli of th@a Droclticts ofcombustion from the corresponding, ancl:, connectino,- heater or regenerator. When t.-",o retorts a a are emplo.3,ecl. for, alter.nate operation, in the manner described, ,9,r@d, are disi).osed in adjace-nt ositioiis Ps p illiistr,,t,tecl; i-@ Fi(ytlre 2, the offtake pil-.)e for the, gas aiid vapour ,is i-LI,@istratecl in Figure 4 @@l 4, ma-y be comdio--i to the tnio retorts tiicl the tipper pij:t ii-iav ]3e conveiiiently fo-rmed as ,,t .13oppp,r-sh,g,ped fitti.-,ihaviiig incl@,iiiecl lower and il@- ea.ch. sicle.,iii o-Litlet valve, of t,he foriii. ii-ii,,y be mouilted, ivhile at 4,') thQ uj)por. ejid of the hoppor-sh,,ti)ecl part ,t sprayiii!c-r i-iozzle or, n,ozzles m@t.y be p'rovi.d6ct @y wh;.ch ,-lie vi.pqiir mr,,y be sprayed with tar or other liqtiid as it passes into t,he, ho per-sli@aped, part gnd clownward@ly .50 thi-oii(YI-i th,e ofrtake pipe. The licitei-s oi,@ regeneritoi,s liiay a,clv.%nti,,geo@ist-y bp iioi@kecl- -Linder pressure stich as -iboi t f-rom 5. to 10 idehes of Nv,,tter, ",hereby under the inethg(l of regul@ation described .55 lion ts OT (-.IistJl,,ition f roin the @, of tb,@.procllic isolated retort may pass iiito the correspo,.idiiiff and connected heater or reoederator. In practice, -",aslied aiid strit)i)ed gas from the retorts mav be used for the purdose of co being heated and circulated Tot- the application of heat to the charge in the retorts. Oi instead, crude oas i-nay be used, or ,is aii ,,ilternative tl-iacis preferred, steam may be iised as the medium for the ,tl)plication of 6.'5 he,,tt. atiii mediiim pass "Q(l ilii,oti(yh them in the saine, perio(Ts., wliere6y the r@etort is isolated or cut olT froi-ii, the, al)plietticii of heat dtirilig tl-l(@ heatijig pqriod,,s of the heaters or reg . ei-ie r- 80 atoi-S. The retorts a, a as illus'urated in Fi(y res 2 2='U and may be provided@ of a c37-'Liiidri-cal form of large capqc'ty aild ATertic,),1137 clisposed ad . - one beside the ql-ld sup- ""5 v,,,nta(YeOUS137 - o@l-her, po,,-ted, tipon a f--rame sQ tlia,t the 'io',wer endi,, of, the, retorts are, disp . osed; at a suffic-.'.ent 1-ieiolit abqve@ the o-round for, discl-iar( . yin'g shoots to be provided the lower ends oj-' which are coiive-Tliently d,isposed@, w-lierebN7 9 0 the carbonized resid@i,-. mty be discha,ro-ed Z!l @ iiito a conveyoi@ or ii-ito V,,-,,iaoi-is. The i.@eforlchambers Qr,c@-@,viti.es in@3@ be C3,lilldri cal, but near the lowqr encl, thereof a iiuiiib of po,,-t,, er C 'tre provi,de,.l at equal dista,iices apai,t iii f, the sanie circular. line +o, co - u-iiicatp. - ",ith an aunulir fliie D sui-.i-oiinding the re.ort at a,,b,out the samq level, as the i)o@t@; ajid co--,iimunication is -n-iade betiveen t his aiiiiular flu6 a,@4. the upppr ptrt of the cor-,--spo I lidii-i(ty, 7@00 and. adiacent heater or regeiierat'oi, A b3, t sliort fior@zontal fltle, tl-iroi-i h I g wli'cli the whole of the he,,ttiiag. iliecliul-n iiity pas,-, for use i-.i distillation, iif the r tor,,, tli-, heatiiicr annul,,,r flue and 105 (I into th6 retorl.- t a, stiitable nieaiis may be proviclecl: @l. or chargi g, -t',id ,ii@h'iiie @aiis iija be siiiiilir to those-ustl.-ti@l. Y )' eii@ployed -in cliar(ri-ng blist ftirn,,,iees ii-i a may coiiapr I @ise t sTK@p or b@ick@t ajid -liol ;. St sLi h as coinino-il-i, eiiiployed in siicli fii,@Paces. A bi-icli:et E i)j,av be pi@oi,i c d V'@.1 I g a inoi,a,bie @a.se and eo'ver, ii,hereb), o@ the 115 bucli:et bein mount6,@,', in positio@ @-licl @po,@3 9 the inouth of the retqi@t a,, -,iid@ fhe coi,er the' b eket, tl , ie base'fall@'for loivei-ed iipoll 1.1 .- . @@ I the disch,,tr@_,e of its coliteiits ii-ito the retort. Benetth the i,-)'oi@ts C providecl iii the re,,,,. tort 120 as aforesa,,@d, it INill 6c UI'140,@S'L"60d -that ,i, e or ch,,tmber F out of - @ ' f , lio, s")q'c c urse 0 L heatilig gases is provi ded in wliieli the, resiwhich has been (legasified t o the' extei4u req.uiredi i-nal7 ace e uiiiuliteand beneatli tli 125 lgwer e of the reto-t a 'dis@liariii-- shoot ma b-- v y . pro id.e,d o-L@ the type ini@,Thich the outlet end is ouf of I@ligui-aent w-ith the upper end adjoinilig the rqtoi:t olitiet - cl an , in whieb M'eans are i3rovided, for. feedino, out the resi- 130

6 1,813,826 clue coiatinuously oi, periodic,,tlly. H,,tvlTl 9 regard to the larg:e cap,,, city of the retort two suchdischar-ina shoots G (Figi-ire 3) in,,ty be provided symmetrical aiid oppositely disposed Nvith their outlet ends also oppositelydisposed, and capable of disch-,trging into the s,,ime wa(ycn. For t-l-iis purpose each of the ch,,,,r,(,Yino, shoots may be diverted clownivardly and tn outwardly into t vertically dis10 posed pai@t, aiid on tl-ie outwardly curved lower wall of the outnvardly diverted part of the shoot a series of st,.Lr Niheels H m,,ty be mouiit-,d oiie besicle tl-ie other, on a horizontally clisposed spindle, so tl-i,,tt upon rotation 15 of the spindle the dischargino, eoke is fed n out iii'Lo the vertically disposed p,,trt of the shoot. The lower end of the vert-ic,,LI13, disposed part of each shoot is divert'ed inwar(I-ly and is provi-decl with ,i downwardly and in20 ivardly iiielinecl bottom -wall upon which the dischargii-ig coke falls and from which i-t is projected through ,i lateral opening in position opposite to th,,Lt of the other shoot, ancl such 1,,tter,,tl discharge opening m,,ty b-- pro'-5 vicled with a binc,,iiig cover-plate. The spindle on whiell the star wheels H of the col,-e disch,-,rgiiig mechanism are mounted may be operated by meads such as an externally mounted ratchet Niheel @Lnd t @'O pawl adapted to impart to the rateliet ivheel ,t iiiovement that m,,iy be v,,triable in extent, ivhereby the rate of discharge m,,ty be v,,).ried. A swin(,,,in(y balince Ave'glit whicti m,,ty for exaii-iple consist of ,L bar or plate hangin 9 35 across ti-ie shoot and in position obove the stai@ ii,lieels or a number of such, molinted in position in I lijie, mty be provided for th coiiti-ol of the col@e passing over the star iN,Iiecls. It will be uiiderstood that iiistead 40 of st,,tr wheels provided as hereiiibefore describecl 111)T equiv,,tlent ad-,tpted co,- itintlously or periodically 'Lo feed out the coke m@iy be eml)loyed. The loiver ])ortion of the retort beloii, the 45 heatliig zoiie is - ,irr,tnged so that steajil may be bloiiii as tL coolliau. medium for the i-esiI due, wh'eli ste, tiii becoiiiing he,,i'L-ecl conveys the lieat up iiito t'tie retort, in sueh way that 50 the heat 1'roiii the cooliiig residue col)ti-ibtitescolisicl.erably to the heit reqiliirecl for carbonization. Iii lieu of steaiii, water iiia be sprayed iii y for the s,,tme purpose. 55 Die heaters or re-eiierators A may be provided as cylindricil contaillers or chequered refi-actory brickwork, and at th-, upper end of e,,tch ,t combustioi-i ch,,tiiiber may be proi,ided suriiiounted by ,t ctirved dome in which Go a series of btirner nozzles I ma3, be providecl throtigh which, in the heiti-ng periods, a iiilxtul-e of (--as tiid air ma3, be passed by ivhich the heater or regenerator m--y become heated to the deoree reqtiired for iiiipartin(y 65 its lieat to the heating fluid iii the succeet ing period, for cii-culatioii through the charge in the adjacent retort. At the upper end of each heater or re(yenerator A an oil blirner or burners may e pr6vicled for the purpose of ,tpplying heat 70 at starting; but in norm,,tl ruiinino-, cas aenerated in the plailt may be Lised. Exliaust steani from an engine.iiiay be -Litilized as the heating inediiiiii in the plant, and this mty be supplemel-ited by the hett 75 recovered from the 0as and vapour lelvinthe retort, as herein@'efore described. zn As an altern,.tte mealis for the production of steam for circulation tliroiliah a blast t@, stove regenerator or heater, water mty e 80 sprayed into a second blast stove regenerator or he,,tter heated by the -waste products from the first he,,Lter, in slich w,,ty as to produce steam for passing throuo;h the heater either as the sole metns for heat conveyance or 35 as supplementary to other sources of o,,,ts or steam. A sliperheater J or superheaters may be provided in the o-Litlet flue or iii the otitle", fl-Lies of the heaters or re-ei-icr,,ttors, through 90 which sul:)erheater or. su@erheaters the liot iiaste gases mty pass in the respective alteri-itte periods, and the steam superheated therein niay be used for direct admission to the respective retorts throti(yh th-. annular 3 flue D or otherwise. It will be understoocl th,,tt the respective IDarts of the plant are insulated to -,Lvoicl r-,Ldiation losses. I