Systems, apparatus, and methods utilizing laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and/or pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ,
1. A method for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo,or in situ, by treating the cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs with one or more pulsed electromagnetic frequencies (EMFs), the method comprising:
treating the cetissues,lls, proteins, fats, or organs with pulsed EMFs comprising more of frequencies selected from 963, 852, 741, 639, 528, 417, 396, 288, and 174, or resonant frequencies, harmonics, or sub harmonics thereof, including pulses of EMFs including sound and/or laser light comprising two or more of frequencies between 0.25 Hz and 11780000 Hz; wherein the EMF pulses range from tens of nanoseconds to ten femtoseconds and have durations selected from 100 ps to 10,000 nanoseconds. 2. A method of 3. A method of 4. A method of 5. A method of 6. A method of 7. A method of 8. A method of 9. A method of 10. A method of 11. A method of 12. A method of wherein the increase, reduction, or improvement is to an amount or concentration closer to normal physiological levels. 13. A method of
The invention relates to one or more of systems, apparatus, and methods utilizing laser generating pulses of light. pulsed sound frequencies and/or pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. DNA damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. DNA damage and mutation have different biological consequences. While most DNA damages can undergo DNA repair, such repair is not 100 percent efficient. Un-repaired DNA damages accumulate in non-replicating cells, such as cells in the brains or muscles of adult mammals and can cause aging. In replicating cells, such as cells lining the colon, errors occur upon replication past damages in the template strand of DNA or during repair of DNA damages. These errors can give rise to mutations or epigenetic alterations. These alterations can change gene function or regulation of gene expression and possibly contribute to progression to cancer. All cancers begin in cells. The human body is made up of more than a hundred million-million (100,000,000,000,000) cells. Cancer starts with changes in one cell or a small group of cells. Usually, the human body has the right number of each type of cell. This is because cells produce signals to control how much and how often the cells divide. If any of these signals are faulty or missing, cells may start to grow and multiply too much and form a lump called a tumor. For a cancer to start, certain changes take place within the genes of a cell or a group of cells. All cancer cells are abnormal cells that occurs when normal cell division are disrupted. Cancer develops from changes that cause normal cells to acquire abnormal functions. Sometimes a change happens in the genes when a cell divides. This is a mutation. It means that a gene has been damaged or lost or copied twice. Mutations can happen by chance when a cell is dividing. Some mutations in genes that regulate cell division, apoptosis (cell death), and DNA repair may result in uncontrolled cell proliferation and cancer. There is a need to provide new technologies utilizing laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for treatment of abnormal cells, mutation cells or cancer cells and pathogens; and cellular markers of aging by utilizing laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed resonant frequencies of one or more EMFs. Such systems, apparatus, and/or methods can optionally include the application of EMFs that are optionally applied to the cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ using laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to focus on one or more EMFs on an area for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. The application of one or more EMFs to one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs can optionally be done in vivo, ex vivo, and/or in vitro, to change a desired property or function of the one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. The changed property can optionally be selected from one or more of chemical, physical, or energetic properties. The function can include one or more chemical, physical, and/or energetic functions. Conditions in the body are controlled, to provide a constant internal environment called homeostasis, The conditions that must he controlled include body temperature, water content, carbon dioxide level, and blood sugar level. Hormones are chemicals secreted by glands. Optionally the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, this, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Non-limiting examples of properties include, but are not limited to, raising or lower 0.0001 to 10,000 percent of the concentration, amount, or volume (weight, mass, weight per volume, mass per volume, weight per weight, mass per weight, weight percent (wt. percent), volume, volume percent, mass per volume, moles, mole percent, moles per volume, moles per mass, moles per weight, and the like) of elements, molecules, and/or ions, e.g. optionally including one or more of carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), hydroxide ions (OH−), hydrogen ions (H+), (e.g., pH), carbonate, biocarbonate, inflammation, magnesium, calcium, phosphate, potassium, chlorine, chloride, manganese, selenium, aluminum, mercury, monatomic gold, molecular geometry, sacred geometry, atomic geometry, amino acid(s), protein, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, sugars, triglycerides, ATPs, AMPs, ADPs, DNAs, RNAs, nucleic acids, ribonucleic acids, magnetic field, electric field, electromagnetic field, or the presence of non-naturally occurring compounds or compositions, such as, but not limited to, organic chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, glyphosate, DDT, DNA damage or mutation in cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs of diseased cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs of DNA damaged cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs of abnormal cells, mutation cells or cancer cells, and pathogens; and cellular markers of aging. Optionally the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Non-limiting examples of functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs include, but are not limited to, raising or lower 0.0001 to 10,000 percent of calories metabolized or burned, water uptake, homeostasis, plasma, lymph, urine, cytoplasmic, tissue, cell, organ, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), saliva, nasal secretion, subcutaneous, intramuscular, or blood: pH, O2, CO2, carbonate, biocarbonate, glucose metabolism, fat metabolism, toxin excretion or removal, heavy metal excretion or removal, ostomosis, intracellular or extracellular transport, exocytosis, or cellular uptake. The one or more frequencies optionally are selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, b, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or any range or value therein or between, optionally comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more of; (a) one or more frequencies between 0.25 Hz and 11780000 Hz, optionally including (b) particular combinations of pulsed resonant frequencies, electromagnetic pulses, and/or one or more harmonics thereof; and applying such particular EMF frequency combinations onto cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs a particular area of the body for application to cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs of abnormal cells, mutation cells or cancer cells and pathogens with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Optionally the method includes wherein the application step (a) and/or the applying step (b) comprises the use of a generator or system of generators of pulsed resonant frequencies using copper rings to produce the one or more EMF at pulsed resonant frequencies. Optionally the method includes wherein the use of laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at pulsed frequencies using a frequency tone generator or system of frequency tone generators using one or more copper rings are provided as one or more copper rings with substantially the same radius, wherein the one or more copper rings intersect with each other such that the center of each disk is adjacent to a perimeter portion of the other copper rings that produce electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for application to cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Optionally the method includes wherein the use of laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at pulsed frequencies using a frequency tone generator or system of frequency tone generators using one or more copper rings vibrate at said at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic frequencies corresponding to the length, or a fraction or multiple of the length, of at least a portion of the copper rings that produce electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for application to cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Optionally the method includes wherein the use of laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at pulsed frequencies using a frequency tone generator or system of frequency tone generators wherein a primary coil of the copper or other metal rings creates at said one or more EMF frequencies that are resonant with a secondary frequency at which a secondary coil of the copper rings vibrate that balances the force of gravity within a magnetic field produced by the copper rings that produce electromagnetic fields (EMFs) for application to cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. The method or apparatus can optionally include utilizing a frequency tone generator or system of frequency generators, laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and EM fields alternating in polarity, either permanently or periodically, and magnetically charged copper rings in the shape of the vesica piscis, which creates a vortex of magnetic energy, that is the intersection of one or more copper rings with the same radius, intersecting in such a way that the center of each disk lies on the perimeter of the other. The positively charged end of the metal strand can optionally include the use of silver-soldered to the negatively charged end, bringing the copper wire to a neutral state. The copper ring creates a vortex of magnetic energy, a wavelength of invisible light that shines out both sides. The copper rings will vibrate at a pulsed, frequency based upon the length of a coiled copper wire. The copper rings are two pieces of twisted wires that are plated with precious metals. First, the copper or metal rings or electrodes are coated with a layer of silver and then a layer of 24 karat gold. This process is repeated with a layer of silver and layer of 24 karat gold for a total of nine layers. The primary and secondary circuits are tuned so they resonate at the same resonant frequency. This allows them to exchange energy, so the oscillating current alternates back and forth between the primary and secondary copper rings. The primary coil of the copper rings shall create an electrical circuit that consists of using electromagnetic fields (EMFs) alternating current electricity in combination with the energy field at a pulsed frequency compatible with the resonant frequency at which the secondary copper ring wants to vibrate that will balance the force of gravity to a pointe of neutralization within the magnetic fields. The frequencies and electromagnetic pulses pass through the copper coils to charge the cells. This electrical charge changes the frequency and/or behavior of the cells, tissues or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to non-healthy, abnormal or diseased cells, tissues or organs in the body utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs utilizing laser generating pulses of light at pulsed resonant frequencies with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo. or in situ. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the heart using laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the heart utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the heart with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the heart. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the lungs utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the lungs utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the lungs with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the lungs. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the adrenals utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the adrenals utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the adrenals with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the adrenals. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the stomach utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the stomach utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the stomach with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the stomach. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the kidney utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the kidney utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the kidney with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the kidney. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the diaphragm utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the diaphragm utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the diaphragm with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the diaphragm. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the spleen utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the spleen utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the spleen with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the spleen. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the liver utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the liver utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the liver with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the liver. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the pancreas utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the pancreas utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the pancreas with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the pancreas. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the intestines utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the intestines utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the intestines with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the intestines. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the gall bladder utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the gall bladder utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the gall bladder with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the gall bladder. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the bladder utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the bladder utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the bladder with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the bladder. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the fat cells utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the fat cells utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the fat cells with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the fat cells. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and. methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the muscles utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the muscles utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the muscles with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the muscles. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the bone utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the bone utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the bone with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the bone. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the brain utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the brain utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the brain with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the brain. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the blood utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the blood utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the blood with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the blood. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs are selected wherein the increase, reduction, or improvement of the sugar levels in the blood is to an amount or concentration closer to normal physiological levels in the blood utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant. frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the blood utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the blood with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs are selected wherein the increase, reduction, or improvement of the sugar levels in the blood is to an amount or concentration closer to normal physiological levels in the blood. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to diseased cells, tissues or organs in the colon utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies the EMFs optionally applied to the cells, tissues or organs in the colon utilizing laser generating pulses of light to focus the application on cells, tissues or organs in the colon with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in the colon. Alternatively the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs where non-homeostasis and/or non-normal or non-healthy cells can include the improved, properties or function of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs is due to removal or inactivation of one or more of a non-naturally occurring substance with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternatively the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs where non-homeostasis and/or non-normal or non-healthy cells can include the improved properties or function of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs is due to removal or inactivation of one or more of abnormal cells, mutation cells or cancer cells with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternatively the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs where non-homeostasis and/or non-normal or non-healthy cells can include the improved properties or function of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs is due to DNA damage of abnormal chemical structure in DNA molecules with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternatively the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs where non-homeostasis and/or non-normal or non-healthy cells can include the improved properties or function of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs is due to DNA repair of cells with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternatively the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs where non-homeostasis and/or non-normal or non-healthy cells can include the improved properties or function of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs is due to DNA damage of abnormal chemical structure in DNA molecules to effect the cellular markers of aging in the human body with one or more pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of one or more pulsed resonant frequencies to provide EMF treated cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Alternative and/or optional embodiments of the invention relate to systems, apparatus, and methods for application to cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs utilizing at least one or more pulsed electromagnetic field (EMF) comprising one or more of laser generating pulses of light or more pulsed resonant frequencies of one or more EMFs. Such systems, apparatus, and/or methods can optionally include the application of EMFs that are optionally applied to the cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ utilizing laser generating pulses of light, pulsed sound frequencies and/or frequency tone generator or system of frequency tone generators to focus the one or more EMFs on an area for improving properties or functions of cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. The application of one or more EMFs to one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs can optionally be done in vivo, ex vivo, and/or in vitro, to change a desired property or function of the one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. The changed property can optionally be selected from one or more of chemical, physical, or energetic properties. The function can include one or more chemical, physical, and/or energetic functions. Conditions in the body are controlled, to provide a constant internal environment called homeostasis. The conditions that must be controlled include body temperature, water content, carbon dioxide level, and blood sugar level. Hormones are chemicals secreted by glands. Optionally the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Optionally the raising or lowering of one or more properties or functions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs changes one or more conditions of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs towards homeostasis or normal functioning of one or more cells, tissues, proteins, fats, or organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Absorption of electromagnetic radiation is the way in which the energy of a photon is taken up by matter, typically the electrons of an atom. Thus, the electromagnetic energy is transformed into internal energy of the absorber, for example thermal energy. The reduction in intensity of a light wave propagating through a medium by absorption of a part of its photons is often called attenuation. Usually, the absorption of waves does not depend on their intensity (linear absorption), although in certain conditions (usually, in optics), the medium changes its transparency dependently on the intensity of waves going through, and saturable absorption (or nonlinear absorption) occurs. Acoustic resonance is a phenomenon where acoustic systems amplify sound frequencies whose frequency matches one of its own natural frequencies of vibration (its sound frequencies). The term “acoustic resonance” is sometimes used to narrow mechanical resonance to the frequency range of human hearing, but since acoustics is defined in general terms concerning vibrational waves in matter, acoustic resonance can occur at frequencies outside the range of human hearing. An acoustically resonant object usually has more than one resonance frequency, especially at harmonics of the strongest resonance. It will easily vibrate at those frequencies in Hz, and vibrate less strongly at other frequencies. Aging is the process of becoming older. The term refers especially to human beings, many animals, and fungi, whereas for example bacteria, perennial plants and some simple animals are potentially immortal. The causes of aging are uncertain; current theories are assigned to the damage concept, whereby the accumulation of damage (such as DNA oxidation) may cause biological systems to fail, or to the programmed aging concept, whereby internal processes (such as DNA methylation) may cause aging. Programmed aging should not be confused with programmed cell death (apoptosis). Amplitude of a wave is the distance from the center line (or the still position) to the top of a crest or to the bottom of a trough. Be careful with this quantity—the center line is not always given in a diagram. Amplitude is measured in meters (m). The greater the amplitude of a wave then the more energy it is carrying. The wavelength, λ, of a wave is the distance from any point on one wave to the same point on the next wave along. (The symbol is a Greek letter, ‘lambda’.) To avoid confusion, it is best to measure wavelength from the top of a crest to the top of the next crest, or from the bottom of a trough to the bottom of the next trough. Wavelength is also measured in meters (m)—it is a length after all. The frequency, f, of a wave is the number of waves passing a point in a certain time. We normally use a time of one second, so this gives frequency the unit hertz (Hz), since one hertz is equal to one wave per second. For water waves and sound frequencies the unit hertz is usually good enough but radio and TV waves have such a high frequency that the kilohertz (kHz) or even the megahertz (MHz) are better units. 1 kHz1000 Hz; 1 MHz=1000000 Hz. The speed (or sometimes you might see it called velocity) of a wave, v, is how far the wave travels in a certain time. Wave speed is measured in meters per second (m/). Audio frequency (abbreviation: AF) or audible frequency is characterized as a periodic vibration whose frequency is audible to the average human. The SI unit of audio frequency is the hertz (Hz). It is the property of sound that most determines pitch. The generally accepted standard range of audible frequencies is 20 to 20,000 Hz, although the range of frequencies individuals hear is greatly influenced by environmental factors. Frequencies below 20 Hz are generally felt rather than heard, assuming the amplitude of the vibration is great enough. Frequencies above 20000 Hz can sometimes be sensed by young people. High frequencies are the first to be affected by hearing loss due to age and/or prolonged exposure to very loud noises. Amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulation technique used in electronic communication, most commonly for transmitting information via a radio carrier wave. In amplitude modulation, the amplitude (signal strength) of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to that of the message signal being transmitted. The message signal is, for example, a function of the sound to be reproduced by a loudspeaker, or the light intensity of pixels of a television screen. This technique contrasts with frequency modulation, in which the frequency of the carrier signal is varied, and phase modulation, in which its phase is varied. Bioelectrodynamics is a branch of medical physics and bioelectromagnetism which deals with rapidly changing electric and magnetic fields in biological systems, i.e. high frequency endogenous electromagnetic phenomena in living cells. Unlike the events studied by the electrophysiology, the generating mechanism of bioelectrodynamic phenomenon is not connected with currents of ions and its frequency is typically much higher. Examples include vibrations of electrically polar intracellular structures and non-thermal emission of photons as a result of metabolic activity. Biomagnetism is the phenomenon of magnetic fields produced by living organisms; it is a subset of bioelectromagnetism. In contrast, organisms' use of magnetism in navigation is magnetoception and the study of the magnetic fields' effects on organisms is magnetobiology. (The word biomagnetism has also been used loosely to include magnetobiology, further encompassing almost any combination of the words magnetism, cosmology, and biology, such as “magnetoastrobiology”). Biomarkers of aging are biomarkers that could predict functional capacity at some later age better than will chronological age. Stated another way, biomarkers of aging would give the true “biological age,” which may be different from the chronological age. Validated biomarkers of aging would allow for testing interventions to extend lifespan, because changes in the biomarkers would be observable throughout the lifespan of the organism. Although maximum lifespan would be a means of validating biomarkers of aging, it would not be a practical means for long-lived species such as humans because longitudinal studies would take far too much time. Ideally, biomarkers of aging should assay the biological process of aging and not a predisposition to disease, should cause a minimal amount of trauma to assay in the organism, and should be reproducibly measurable during a short interval compared to the lifespan of the organism. Although graying of hair increases with age, hair graying cannot be called a biomarker of aging. Similarly, skin wrinkles and other common changes seen with aging are not better indicators of future functionality than chronological age. Body capacitance is the physical property of the human body that has it act as a capacitor. Like any other electrically-conductive object, a human body can store electric charge if insulated. The actual amount of capacitance varies with the surroundings; it would be low when standing on top of a pole with nothing nearby, but high when leaning against an insulated, but grounded large metal surface, such as a household refrigerator, or a metal wall in a factory. Synthetic fabrics and friction can charge a human body to about 3 kV. Low potentials may not have any notable effect, but some electronic devices can be damaged by modest voltages of 100 volts. Cancer bacteria are bacteria infectious organisms that are known or suspected to cause cancer. While cancer-associated bacteria have long been considered to be opportunistic (i.e., infecting healthy tissues after cancer has already established itself), there is some evidence that bacteria may be directly carcinogenic. The strongest evidence to date involves the bacterium Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cell division is a normal process used by the body for growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died because of aging or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells, but cancer cells continue to produce copies. They are also able to spread from one pail of the body to another in a process known as metastasis. Carcinogen is any substance, radionuclide, or radiation that promotes carcinogenesis, the formation of cancer. This may be due to the ability to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic processes. Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens, but their carcinogenic activity is attributed to the radiation, for example gamma rays and alpha particles, which they emit. Common examples of non-radioactive carcinogens are inhaled asbestos, certain dioxins, and tobacco smoke. Although the public generally associates carcinogenicity with synthetic chemicals, it is equally likely to arise in both natural and synthetic substances. Carcinogens are not necessarily immediately toxic; thus, their effect can be insidious. Cancer is any disease in which normal cells are damaged and do not undergo programmed cell death as fast as they divide via mitosis. Carcinogens may increase the risk of cancer by altering cellular metabolism or damaging DNA directly in cells, which interferes with biological processes, and induces the uncontrolled, malignant division, ultimately leading to the formation of tumors. Usually, severe DNA damage leads to program cell death, but if the programmed cell death pathway is damaged, then the cell cannot prevent itself from becoming a cancer cell. There are many natural carcinogens. Aflatoxin B1, which is produced by the fungus Cellular aging is generally defined as the progressive decline in the resistance to stress and other cellular damages, causing a gradual loss of cellular functions and resulting eventually in cell death. Cellular agriculture is an interdisciplinary branch of science combining biology and engineering, focused on the production of agriculture products from cell cultures. Cellular agriculture combines disciplines such as biotechnology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, and synthetic biology to design new methods of producing proteins, fats, and tissues that would otherwise come from traditional agriculture. Cellular agriculture most often refers to the creation of animal products such as meat, milk, and eggs, produced in cell culture rather than raising and slaughtering farmed livestock. The most well known cellular agriculture concept is cultured meat. Cell damage can occur as a result of an adverse stimulus, which disrupts the normal homeostasis of affected cells. Among other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, an infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factor. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be adaptive and where possible, homeostasis is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage caused. Cell death may occur by necrosis or apoptosis. Cell function. The structural and functional characteristics of different types of cells are determined by the nature of the proteins present. The generalized cell functions include movement of substances across the cell membrane, cell division to make new cells, and protein synthesis. Cell injury can occur when the limits of adaptive responses are exceeded cell injury occurs, initially reversible, then irreversible leading to cell death. Necrosis: severe cell swelling or cell rupture, denaturation and. coagulation of cytoplasmic proteins and breakdown of cell organelles. Cell-cell interaction refers to the direct interactions between cell surfaces that play a crucial role in the development and function of multicellular organisms. These interactions allow cells to communicate with each other in response to changes in their microenvironment. This ability to send and receive signals is essential for the survival of the cell. Interactions between cells can be stable such as those made through cell junctions. These junctions are involved in the communication and organization of cells within a particular tissue. Others are transient or temporary such as those between cells of the immune system or the interactions involved in tissue inflammation. These types of intercellular interactions are distinguished from other types such as those between cells and the extracellular matrix. The loss of communication between cells can result in uncontrollable cell growth and cancer. Crop is a plant or animal product that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence. Crop may refer either to the harvested parts or to the harvest in a more refined state. Most crops are cultivated in agriculture or aquaculture. A crop is usually expanded to include macroscopic fungus (e.g. mushrooms), or alga (algaculture). Most crops are harvested as food for humans or fodder for livestock. Some crops are gathered from the wild (including intensive gathering, e.g. ginseng). Important non-food crops include horticulture, floriculture and industrial crops. Horticulture crops include plants used for other crops (e.g. fruit trees). Floriculture crops include bedding plants, houseplants, flowering garden and pot plants, cut cultivated greens, and cut flowers. Industrial crops are produced for clothing (fiber crops), biofuel (energy crops, algae fuel), or medicine (medicinal plants). Cultured meat, also called clean meat, synthetic meat or in vitro meat, is meat grown from in vitro animals cell culture instead of from slaughtered animals It is a form of cellular agriculture. Cultured meat is produced using many of the same tissue engineering techniques traditionally used in regenerative medicine. Disease is any condition, which results in the disorder of a structure or function in a living organism that is not due to any external injury. The study of disease is called pathology, which includes the study of cause. Disease is often construed as a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs. It may be caused by external factors such as pathogens or by internal dysfunctions, particularly of the immune system, such as an immunodeficiency, or by a hypersensitivity, including allergies and autoimmunity When caused by pathogens (e.g. malaria by DNA damage is distinctly different from mutation, although both are types of error in DNA. DNA damage is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, while a mutation is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. DNA damages cause changes in the structure of the genetic material and prevents the replication mechanism from functioning and performing properly. DNA damage and mutation have different biological consequences. While most DNA damages can undergo DNA repair, such repair is not 100 percent efficient. Un-repaired DNA damages accumulate in non-replicating cells, such as cells in the brains or muscles of adult mammals and can cause aging. In replicating cells, such as cells lining the colon, errors occur upon replication past damages in the template strand of DNA or during repair of DNA damages. These errors can give rise to mutations or epigenetic alterations. Both of these types of alteration can be replicated and passed on to subsequent cell generations. These alterations can change gene function or regulation of gene expression and possibly contribute to progression to cancer. Throughout the cell cycle there are various checkpoints to ensure the cell is in good condition to progress to mitosis. The three main checkpoints are at G1/s, G2/m, and at the spindle assembly checkpoint regulating progression through anaphase. G1 and G2 checkpoints involve scanning for damaged DNA. During S phase the cell is more vulnerable to DNA damage than any other part of the cell cycle. G2 checkpoint checks for damaged DNA and DNA replication completeness. DNA photolyase is an evolutionary conserved protein domain. This domain binds a light harvesting cofactor. Deoxyribodipyrimidine photolyase (DNA photolyase) is a DNA repair enzyme. It binds to UV-damaged DNA containing pyrimidine dimers and, upon absorbing a near-UV photon (300 to 500 nm), breaks the cyclobutane ring joining the two pyrimidines of the dimer. DNA photolyase is an enzyme that requires two chromophore-cofactors for its activity: a reduced FADH2 and either 5,10-methenyltetrahydrofolate (5,10-MTFH) or an oxidized 8-hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (8-HDF) derivative (F420). The folate or deazaflavin chromophore appears to function as an antenna, while the FADH2 chromophore is thought to be responsible for electron transfer. On the basis of sequence similarities DNA photolyases can be grouped into two classes. The first class contains enzymes from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, the halophilic archaebacteria DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome. In human cells, both normal metabolic activities and environmental factors such as radiation can cause DNA damage, resulting in as many as 1 million individual molecular lesions per cell per day. Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. Other lesions induce potentially harmful mutations in the cell's genome, which affect the survival of its daughter cells after it undergoes mitosis. As a consequence, the DNA repair process is constantly active as it responds to damage in the DNA structure, When normal repair processes fail, and when cellular apoptosis does not occur, irreparable DNA damage may occur, including double-strand breaks and DNA cross-linkages (interstrand crosslinks or ICLs). This can eventually lead to malignant tumors, or cancer as per the two hit hypothesis. The rate of DNA repair is dependent on many factors, including the cell type, the age of the cell, and the extracellular environment. A cell that has accumulated a large amount of DNA damage, or one that no longer effectively repairs damage incurred to its DNA, can enter one of three possible states: an irreversible state of dormancy, known as senescence; cell suicide, also known as apoptosis or programmed cell death; unregulated cell division, which can lead to the formation of a tumor that is cancerous. The DNA repair ability of a cell is vital to the integrity of its genome and thus to the normal functionality of that organism. Many genes that were initially shown to influence life span have turned out to be involved in DNA damage repair and protection. DNA virus is a virus that has DNA as its genetic material and replicates using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase. The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) but may also be single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), DNA viruses belong to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. Single-stranded DNA is usually expanded to double-stranded in infected cells. Although Group VII viruses such as hepatitis B contain a DNA genome, they are not considered DNA viruses according to the Baltimore classification, but rather reverse transcribing viruses because they replicate through an RNA intermediate. Notable diseases like smallpox, herpes, and the chickenpox are caused by such DNA viruses. Electromagnetic Spectrum consists of the full range of known electromagnetic waves, including gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves. All of these are produced by various forms of oscillating charges or currents. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves, which travel at the speed of tight and involve oscillating electric and magnetic fields at right angles to each other. Gamma Rays are the most energetic known form of electromagnetic radiation, with frequencies of 3*1019Hz (30 EHz) or higher and wavelengths of 10−11m (10 pm) or lower. They are produced from the decay of excited nuclei of radioactive elements. Gamma rays can penetrate through several centimeters of lead and large doses of them are harmful. X-rays have frequencies ranging from 3*1016to 3*1019Hz (30 PHz to 30 EHz) and wavelengths from 10−11m to 10−8m (10 pm to 10 nm). X-rays penetrate easily through some materials such as fat and muscle but not others such as bone, which makes them useful in medicine. Medical X-rays are produced by colliding high-energy electrons into a metal target, usually tungsten. Ultraviolet Light (UV) light is light with higher frequency (lower wavelength) than visible light. UV light has frequencies ranging from 8*1014to 3*1016Hz (800 THz to 30 PHz) and wavelengths from 10−8m to 3.8*10−7m (10 nm to 380 nm). Prolonged exposure to UV light causes sunburn and can cause skin cancer. The earth's ozone layer absorbs most of the incoming UV light from the sun. Visible Light is light we can see. Visible light has frequencies ranging from 4*1014Hz to 8*1014Hz (400 to 800 THz) and wavelengths from 3.8*10−7m to 7.5*10−7m (380 nm to 750 nm). Red light has the lowest frequency (longest wavelength) and violet light has the highest frequency (shortest wavelength) of visible light. White light is composed of the colors of the rainbow, each of which has a unique frequency or wavelength, as can be seen by diffracting white light through a prism. Infrared Light (IR) light is light with lower frequency (higher wavelength) than visible light. IR light has frequencies ranging from 3*1011to 4*1014Hz (300 GHz to 400 THz) and wavelengths from 7.5*10−7m to 10−3m (750 nm to 1 mm). Infrared light is emitted from all objects at or near room temperature in the form of blackbody radiation. Microwaves have frequencies ranging from 3*109to 3*1011Hz (3 GHz to 300 GHz) and wavelengths from 10−3m to 10−1in mm to 100 mm). Excitations from microwaves cause many molecules such as water to oscillate and heat up, which is how microwave ovens work. The primordial big bang radiation discovered by Penzias and Wilson in 1965 is in the microwave region. Radio waves have frequencies ranging from 3*101to 3*109Hz (30 Hz to 3 GHz) and wavelengths from 10−1m to 107m (100 mm to 10,000 km). Radio waves are produced from the alternating current of an LC circuit. Radio waves carry information through modulation. Radio, television, cell phones, and remote controls all use radio waves. Electromagnetic wave, also known as electromagnetic radiation, is formed when an atomic particle moves, causing a combined electric field and magnetic field to oscillate, creating a combined wave pattern of the two forces. In the wave pattern, the magnetic and electric waves, although combined into one wave, oscillate at tight angles of each other. The electric wave oscillates vertically while the magnetic wave oscillates horizontally, but both waves move along a shared axis in the direction the combined wave is moving. Electromagnetic waves are usually measured in terms of frequency, wavelength, and energy, usually depending upon the size of the waves and the reason for the measurement. The longest waves, like radio and microwaves, are generally measured in frequency; the middle range of waves, like infrared, visible light and ultraviolet are measured by wavelength; and the shortest wavelengths, like x-rays arid gamma rays, are often measured by the amount of energy they produce. Using these different units to measure electromagnetic waves allow scientists to describe the waves without using numbers that are unwieldy or difficult to use in formulas. The frequency of an electromagnetic wave is measured by computing how many times the crest of a wave passes through a point in 1 second, the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave is the distance between two crests of the wave, and the energy of a wave is described by the amount of energy needed to move an electron. Extracellular. In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word extracellular (or sometimes extracellular space) means “outside the cell”. This space is usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. The term is used in contrast to intracellular (inside the cell). According to the gene ontology database the extracellular space is a cellular component defined as: “That part of a multicellular organism outside the cells proper, usually taken to be outside the plasma membranes, and occupied by fluid. For multicellular organisms, the extracellular space-refers to everything outside a cell, but still within the organism (excluding the extracellular matrix). Gene products from a multi-cellular organism that are secreted from a cell into the interstitial fluid or blood can therefore be annotated to this term”. The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, various proteins and non-protein substances (e.g. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products etc.) that might affect cellular function. For example, hormones, growth factors, cytokines and chemokines act by travelling the extracellular space towards biochemical receptors on cells. Other proteins that are active outside the cell are various enzymes, including digestive enzymes (Trypsin, Pepsin), extracellular proteinases (Matrix metalloproteinases, ADAMTSs, Cathepsins) and antioxidant enzymes (extracellular superoxide dismutase). Often, proteins present in the extracellular space are stored outside the cells by attaching to various extracellular matrix components (Collagens, Proteoglycans, etc.). In addition, extracellular matrix proteolytic products are also present in the extracellular space, especially in tissues undergoing remodeling. Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. It is also referred to as temporal frequency. which emphasizes the contrast to spatial frequency and angular frequency. The period is the duration of time of one cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal of the frequency. For example, if a newborn baby's heart beats at a frequency of 120 times a minute, its period—the time interval between beats—is half a second (that is, 60 seconds divided by 120 beats). Frequency is an important parameter used in science and engineering to specify the rate of oscillatory and vibratory phenomena, such as mechanical vibrations, audio (sound) signals, radio waves, and light. Frequencies of the present invention include two or more frequencies selected from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or any range or value therein or between, comprising one or more of frequencies including two or more of 963, 852, 741, 639, 528, 417, 396, 288, 174, or harmonics, or subharmonics thereof, including pulses of EMFs, sound, and/or laser light including two or more of frequencies between 0.25 Hz and 11780000 Hz Gene mutation. The DNA sequence of a gene can be altered in a number of ways. Gene mutations have varying effects on health, depending on where they occur and whether they alter the function of essential proteins. Missense mutation, This type of mutation is a change in one DNA base pair that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another in the protein made by a gene. Nonsense mutation. A nonsense mutation is also a change in one DNA base pair. Instead of substituting one amino acid for another, however, the altered DNA sequence prematurely signals the cell to stop building a protein. This type of mutation results in a shortened protein that may function improperly or not at all. Insertion. An insertion changes the number of DNA bases in a gene by adding a piece of DNA. As a result, the protein made by the gene may not function properly. Deletion. A deletion changes the number of DNA bases by removing a piece of DNA. Small deletions may remove one or a few base pairs within a gene, while larger deletions can remove an entire gene or several neighboring genes. The deleted DNA may alter the function of the resulting protein(s). Duplication. A duplication consists of a piece of DNA that is abnormally copied one or more times. This type of mutation may alter the function of the resulting protein. Frameshift mutation. This type of mutation occurs when the addition or loss of DNA bases changes a gene's reading frame. A reading frame consists of groups of 3 bases that each code for one amino acid. A frameshift mutation shifts the grouping of these bases and changes the code for amino acids. The resulting protein is usually nonfunctional. insertions, deletions, and duplications can all be frameshift mutations. Repeat expansion. Nucleotide repeats are short DNA sequences that are repeated a number of times in a row. For example, a trinucleotide repeat is made up of 3-base-pair sequences, and a tetranucleotide repeat is made up of 4-base-pair sequences. A repeat expansion is a mutation that increases the number of times that the short DNA sequence is repeated. This type of mutation can cause the resulting protein to function improperly. Glycocalyx, also known as the pericellular matrix, is a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria, epithelia and other cells. Most animal epithelial cells have a fuzz-like coat on the external surface of their plasma membranes. This coating consists of several carbohydrate moieties of membrane glycolipids and glycoproteins, which serve as backbone molecules for support. Generally, the carbohydrate portion of the glycolipids found on the surface of plasma membranes helps these molecules contribute to cell-cell recognition, communication, and intercellular adhesion. The glycocalyx is a type of identifier that the body uses to distinguish between its own healthy cells and transplanted tissues, diseased cells, or invading organisms. Included in the glycocalyx are cell-adhesion molecules that enable cells to adhere to each other and guide the movement of cells during embryonic development. The glycocalyx plays a major role in regulation of endothelial vascular tissue, including the modulation of red blood cell volume in capillaries. The slime on the outside of a fish is an example of glycocalyx. Hematologic conditions. There are many conditions of or affecting the human hematologic system—the biological system that includes plasma, platelets, leukocytes, and erythrocytes, the major components of blood and the bone marrow. An anemia is a decrease in number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood. However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin deficiency. Anemia is the most common disorder of the blood. There are several kinds of anemia, produced by a variety of underlying causes. Anemia can he classified in a variety of ways, based on the morphology of RBCs, underlying etiologic mechanisms, and discernible clinical spectra, to mention a few. The three main classes of anemia include excessive blood loss (acutely such as a hemorrhage or chronically through low-volume loss), excessive blood cell destruction (hemolysis) or deficient red blood cell production (ineffective hematopoiesis). Hertz (symbol: Hz) is the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second. It is named for Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, the first person to provide conclusive proof of the existence of electromagnetic waves. Hertz are commonly expressed in multiples: kilohertz (103Hz, kHz), megahertz (106Hz, MHz), gigahertz (109Hz, GHz), and terahertz (1012Hz, THz). Some of the unit's most common uses are in the description of sine waves and musical tones, particularly those used in radio- and audio-related applications. It is also used to describe the speeds at which computers and other electronics are driven. One hertz simply means “one cycle per second” (typically that which is being counted is a complete cycle); 100 Hz means “one hundred cycles per second,” and so on. The unit may be applied to any periodic event—for example, a clock might be said to tick at 1 Hz, or a human heart might be said to beat at 1.2 Hz. Homeostasis can be defined as the stable condition of an organism and of its internal environment; or as the maintenance or regulation of the stable condition, or its equilibrium; or simply as the balance of bodily functions. The stable condition is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism, and is dependent on many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limits. Other variables include the pH of extracellular the concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium ions, as well as that of the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the environment, diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled by one or more regulators or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life. Homeostasis is brought about by a natural resistance to change in the optimal conditions, and equilibrium is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components for the variable being regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector. The receptor is the sensing component that monitors and responds to changes in the environment, either external or internal. Receptors include thereto receptors, and mechanoreceptors. Control centers include the respiratory center, and the renin-angiotensin system. An effector is the target acted on, to bring about the change back to the normal state. At the cellular level, receptors include nuclear receptors that bring about changes in gene expression through up-regulation or down-regulation, and act in negative feedback mechanisms. An example of this is in the control of bile acids in the liver. Host-pathogen interaction is defined as how microbes or viruses sustain themselves within host organisms on a molecular, cellular, organismal or population level. This term is most commonly used to refer to disease-causing microorganisms although they may not cause illness in all hosts. Because of this, the definition has been expanded to how known pathogens survive within their host, whether they cause disease or not. On the molecular and cellular level, microbes can infect the host and divide rapidly, causing disease by being there and causing a homeostatic imbalance in the body, or by secreting toxins, which cause symptoms to appear. Viruses can also infect the host with virulent DNA, which can affect normal cell processes (transcription, translation, etc.), protein folding, or evading the immune response. Human electrical energy is generated by chemical processes in nerve cells. Billions of nerve impulses travel throughout the human brain and nervous system. A nerve impulse is a wave of electrical activity that passes from one end of nerve cell to another. Each impulse is the same size that carries information about the intensity of the nerve signal. Neurons, basic unit of nervous system, are responsible for sending, receiving, and interpreting information from all parts of the body. The human body is a complex and carefully-balanced superhighway of cells, tissues and fluids that direct an incomprehensible array of electrical impulses almost every second. This is only possible due to a homeostatic environment where electricity is well conducted to carry the signals to their intended destinations. They key to maintaining this conductive superhighway lies within the electrolytes. Electrolytes regulate our nerve and muscle function, the human body's hydration, blood pH, blood pressure and the rebuilding of damaged tissues. Various mechanisms exist in the human body that keeps the concentrations of different electrolytes under strict control. Electrical Activity of Cells. One of the simplest physiological units is the cell. It has the power of maintaining itself alive given suitable surroundings. The endocrine pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans. Most of the cells in an islet are insulin-secreting β-cells. Electrical impulses or action potentials are generated in bursts when the bath or blood glucose level is in the stimulatory range. Insulin insufficiency is generally a result of β-cell damage by autoimmunity. Closing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive K+ channels (KATP) in response to glucose increase is generally considered the initial event that depolarizes the β-cell membrane and activates the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, which triggers the release of insulin. However, glucose is unable to extract insulin release if electrical activity and the accompanying Ca2+ influx are prevented. Thus beta-cell electrical activity is a key element in the series of steps culminating in glucose-induced insulin secretion. Electrical Activity of Organs in vitro, in vivo, or in situ. Brain—an organ of soft nervous tissue contained in the skull of vertebrates, functioning as the coordinating center of sensation, intellectual and nervous activity. Human brain cells fire electrical impulses to communicate with one another. Ion channels located in the membranes, some with calcium and some with potassium; work in sync to deliver messages throughout the brain. Within a single neuron, information is conducted through electrical signaling. When a neuron is stimulated, an electrical impulse, called an action potential, moves along the neuron axon. Action potential then enables signals to travel very rapidly along the neuron fiber. When large numbers of neurons show synchronized activity, the electric fields generated can be large enough to detect outside the skull, using Electroencephalography (EEG) or Magnetoencephalography (MEG). Human parasites are divided into endoparasites, which cause infection inside the body, and ectoparasites, which cause infection superficially within the skin. The cysts and eggs of endoparasites may be found in feces, which aids in the detection of the parasite in the human host while also providing the means for the parasitic species to exit the current host and enter other hosts.—Although there are a number of ways in which humans can contract parasitic infections, observing basic hygiene and cleanliness tips can reduce its probability. The most accurate diagnosis is by qPer DNA antigen assay, not generally available by primary care physicians in the USA: most labs offer research only service. Human pathogen is a pathogen (microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease in humans. The human physiological defense against common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis) is mainly the responsibility of the system with help by some of the body's normal flora and fauna. However, if the immune system or “good” microbiota are damaged. in any way (such as by chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens), pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host. Such cases are called opportunistic infections. Some pathogens (such as the bacterium Hyperplasia or hypergenesis, is an increase in the amount of organic tissue that results from cell proliferation. It may lead to the gross enlargement of an organ and the term is sometimes confused with benign neoplasia or benign tumor. Hyperplasia. is a common preneoplastic response to stimulus. Microscopically, cells resemble normal cells but are increased in numbers, Sometimes cells may also be increased in size (hypertrophy). Hyperplasia is different from hypertrophy in that the adaptive cell change in hypertrophy is an increase in the size of cells, whereas hyperplasia. involves an increase in the number of cells. Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light. and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light. IR wavelengths extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nanometers (frequency 430 THz), to 1 millimeter (300 GHz) Most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature is infrared. Like all EMR, IR carries radiant energy, and behaves both like a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon. Intense pulsed light (IPL) is a technology used by cosmetic and medical practitioners to perform various skin treatments for aesthetic and therapeutic purposes, including hair removal, photo rejuvenation (e.g. the treatment of skin pigmentation, sun damage, and thread veins) as well as to alleviate dermatologic diseases such as acne. IPL is increasingly used in optometry and ophthalmology as well, to treat evaporative dry eye disease due to meibomian gland dysfunction. The technology uses a light-powered, hand-held, computer-controlled flashgun to deliver an intense, visible, broad-spectrum pulse of light, generally in the visible spectral range of 400 to 1200 nm. Various cutoff filters are commonly used to selectively filter out lower wavelengths, especially potentially damaging ultra violet light. The resulting light has a spectral range that targets specific structures and chromophores (e.g. melanin in hair, or oxyhemoglobin in blood vessels) that are heated to destruction and reabsorbed by the body. IPL shares some similarities with laser treatments, in that they both use light to heat and destroy their targets. But unlike lasers that use a single wavelength (color) of light which typically matches only one chromophore, and hence only one condition, IPL uses a broad spectrum that when used with filters, allows it to be used against several conditions. This can be achieved when the IPL technician selects the appropriate filter that matches a specific chromophore. Internal organs in the human body include: heart, lungs, stomach, kidney, diaphragm, spleen, liver, pancreas, large and small intestine, gall bladder, bladder and brain. Intracellular. In cell biology, molecular biology and related fields, the word intracellular means “inside the cell”. It is used in contrast to extracellular (outside the cell). The cell membrane (and, in many organisms, the cell wall) is the barrier between the two, and chemical composition of intra- and extracellular milieu (Milieu Intérieur) can be radically different. Macrophages are a type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specified to healthy body cells on its surface in a process called phagocytosis. These large phagocytes are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens; and cellular markers of aging by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in non-specified. defense (innate immunity) and also help initiate specified defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes, For example, they are important as antigen presenters to T cells, In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections. Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines. Macrophages that encourage inflammation are called M1 macrophages, whereas those that decrease inflammation and encourage tissue repair are called M2 macrophages, This difference is reflected in their metabolism; M1 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the “killer” molecule nitric oxide, whereas rodent M2 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the “repair” molecule ornithine. However, this dichotomy has been recently questioned as further complexity has been discovered. Human macrophages are about 21 micrometers (0.00083 in) in diameter and produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD 11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68. Malignancy (from Latin male, meaning ‘badly’, and -gnus, meaning ‘born’) is the tendency of a medical condition to become progressively worse. Malignancy is most familiar as a characterization of cancer. A malignant tumor contrasts with a non-cancerous benign tumor in that a malignancy is not self-limited in its growth, is capable of invading into adjacent tissues, and may be capable of spreading to distant tissues, A benign tumor has none of those properties. Malignancy in cancers is characterized by anaplasia, invasiveness, and metastasis. Malignant tumors are also characterized by genome instability, so that cancers, as assessed by whole genome sequencing, frequently have between 10,000 and 100,000 mutations in their entire genomes. Cancers usually show tumor heterogeneity, containing multiple sub-clones. They also frequently have reduced expression of DNA repair enzymes due to epigenetic methylation of DNA repair genes or altered microRNAs that control DNA repair gene expression. Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; it is typically spoken of as such spread by a cancerous tumor. The newly pathological sites. then, are metastases (mets). Cancer occurs after cells are genetically altered to proliferate rapidly and indefinitely. This uncontrolled proliferation by mitosis produces a primary heterogeneic tumor. The cells which constitute the tumor eventually undergo metaplasia, followed by anaplasia then dysplasia, resulting in a malignant phenotype. This malignancy allows for invasion into the circulation, followed by invasion to a second site for tumor genesis. Some cancer cells known as circulating tumor cells acquire the ability to penetrate the walls of lymphatic or blood vessels, after which they are able to circulate through the bloodstream to other sites and tissues in the body. This process is known (respectively) as lymphatic or hematogenous spread. After the tumor cells come to rest at another site, they re-penetrate the vessel or walls and continue to multiply, eventually forming another clinically detectable tumor. This new tumor is known as a metastatic (or secondary) tumor. Metastasis is one of the hallmarks of cancer, distinguishing it from benign tumors. Most cancers can metastasize, although in varying degrees. Basal cell carcinoma for example rarely metastasizes. When tumor cells metastasize, the new tumor is called a secondary or metastatic tumor, and its cells are similar to those in the original or primary tumor. This means that if breast cancer metastasizes to the lungs, the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells, not of abnormal lung cells. The tumor in the lung is then called metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. Metastasis is a key element in cancer staging systems such as the TNM staging system, where it represents the “M”. In overall stage grouping, metastasis places a cancer in Stage IV. Molecular vibration occurs when atoms in a molecule are in periodic motion while the molecule as a whole has constant translational and rotational motion. The frequency of the periodic motion is known as a vibration frequency, and the typical frequencies of molecular vibrations range from less than 1013to approximately 1014Hz, corresponding to wavenumbers of approximately 300 to 3000 cm−1. In general, a molecule with N atoms has 3N-6 normal modes of vibration, but a linear molecule has 3N-5 such modes, because rotation about its molecular axis cannot be observed. A diatomic molecule has one normal mode of vibration. The normal modes of vibration of polyatomic molecules are independent of each other but each normal mode will involve simultaneous vibrations of different parts of the molecule such as different chemical bonds. A molecular vibration is excited when the molecule absorbs a quantum of energy, E, corresponding to the vibration's frequency, v, according to the relation E=h v (where h is Planck's constant). A fundamental vibration is excited when one such quantum of energy is absorbed by the molecule in its ground state. Mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements. Mutations result from errors during DNA replication (especially during Meiosis) or other types of damage to DNA (such as may be caused by exposure to radiation or carcinogens), which then may undergo error-prone repair (especially microhomology-mediated end joining), or cause an error during other forms of repair, or else may cause an error during replication (translesion synthesis). Mutations may also result from insertion or deletion of segments of DNA due to mobile genetic elements. Mutations may or may not produce discernible changes in the observable characteristics (phenotype) of an organism. Mutations play a part in both normal and abnormal biological processes including: evolution, cancer, and the development of the immune system, including junctional diversity. The genomes of RNA viruses are based on RNA rather than DNA. The RNA viral genome can be double stranded (as in DNA) or single stranded. In some of these viruses (such as the single stranded human immunodeficiency virus) replication occurs quickly and there are no mechanisms to check the genome for accuracy. This error-prone process often results in mutations. Mutation can result in many different types of change in sequences. Mutations in genes can either have no effect, alter the product of a gene, or prevent the gene from functioning properly or completely. Mutations can also occur in nongenic regions. Necrosis is a form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells c by autolysis. Necrosis is caused by factors external to the cell or tissue, such as infection, toxins, or trauma, which result in the unregulated digestion of cell components. In contrast, apoptosis is a naturally occurring programmed and targeted cause of cellular death. While apoptosis often provides beneficial effects to the organism, necrosis is almost always detrimental and can be fatal. Cellular death due to necrosis does not follow the apoptotic signal transduction pathway, but rather various receptors are activated, and result in the loss of cell membrane integrity and an uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space. This initiates in the surrounding tissue an inflammatory response, which attracts leukocytes and nearby phagocytes, which eliminate the dead cells by phagocytosis. However, microbial damaging substances released by leukocytes would create collateral damage to surrounding tissues. This excess collateral damage inhibits the healing process. Thus, untreated necrosis results in a build-up of decomposing dead tissue and cell debris at or near the site of the cell death. Pathogen is an infectious thing, such as a vines, bacteria, fungi or parasite, winch causes a disease. This ability is called pathogenicity. Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause infection. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria. Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, some are pathogenic, with the number of species estimated as fewer than 100 that are seen to cause infectious diseases in humans. By contrast, several thousand species exist in the human digestive system. Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms. Approximately :300 fungi are known to be pathogenic to humans. The study of fungi pathogenic to humans is called “medical mycology”. Although fungi are eukaryotic, many pathogenic fungi are microorganisms. The study of fungi and other organisms pathogenic to plants is called plant pathology. Photolyases (EC 4.1.99.3) are DNA repair enzymes that repair damage caused by exposure to ultraviolet light. These enzymes require visible light (from the violet/blue end of the spectrum) both for their own activation and for the actual DNA repair. The DNA repair mechanism involving photolyases is called photo reactivation. Photolyase is a phylogenetically old. enzyme, which is present and functional in many species, from the bacteria to the fungito plants and to the animals. Photolyase is particularly important in repairing UV induced damage in plants. The photolyase mechanism is no longer working in humans and other placental mammals that instead rely on the less efficient nucleotide excision repair mechanism. Photolyases bind complementary DNA strands and break certain types of pyrimidine dimers that arise when a pair of thymine or cytosine bases on the same strand of DNA become covalently linked. The bond length of this dimerization is shorter than the bond length of normal B-DNA structure, which produces an incorrect template for replication and transcription. The more common covalent linkage involves the formation of a cyclobutane bridge. Photolyases have a high affinity for these lesions and reversibly bind and convert them back to the original bases. Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), is a form of signal modulation where the message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulse. It is an analog pulse modulation scheme in which the amplitudes of a train of carrier pulses are varied according to the sample value of the message signal. Demodulation is performed by detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every single period. Pulse-density modulation, or PDM, is a form of modulation used to represent an analog signal with a binary signal. In a PDM signal, specific amplitude values are not encoded into code words of pulses of different weight as they would be in pulse-code modulation (PCM); rather, the relative density of the pulses corresponds to the analog signal's amplitude. The output of a 1-bit DAC is the same as the PDM encoding of the signal. Pulse-width modulation (PWM) is a special case of PDM where the switching frequency is fixed and all the pulses corresponding to one sample are contiguous in the digital signal. For a 50 percent voltage with a resolution of 8-bits, a PWM waveform will turn on for 128 clock cycles and then off for the remaining 128 cycles. With PDM and the same clock rate the signal would alternate between on and off every other cycle. The average is 50 percent for both waveforms, but the PDM signal switches more often. For 100 percent or 0 percent level, they are the same. Pulse duration. In signal processing and telecommunication, pulse duration is the interval between the time, during the first transition, that the amplitude of the pulse reaches a specified fraction (level) of its final amplitude, and the time the pulse amplitude drops, on the last transition, to the same level. The interval between the 50 percent points of the final amplitude is usually used to determine or define pulse duration, and this is understood to be the case unless otherwise specified. Other fractions of the final amplitude, e.g., 90 percent or 1/e, may also he used, as may the root mean square (rms) value of the pulse amplitude. The duration of optical pulses (also called pulse width or pulse length) can vary in a huge range: By modulating a continuous-wave light source, e.g., with an electro-optic modulator, pulses with durations from some tens of picoseconds to arbitrarily high values can be generated. Gain switching e.g. of laser diodes leads to pulses with durations down to a few nanoseconds or even to some hundred picoseconds. Pulse durations from Q-switched lasers typically vary between 100 ps and hundreds of nanoseconds. Mode-locked lasers can generate pulses with durations between ≈5 fs and hundreds of picoseconds. high harmonic generation allows the formation of single attosecond pulses or attosecond pulse trains, with pulse durations of a few hundred attoseconds or even below 100 as. Pulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some repetition rate. This encompasses a wide range of technologies addressing a number of different motivations. Some lasers are pulsed simply because they cannot be run in continuous mode. in other cases the application requires the production of pulses having as large energy as possible. Since the pulse energy is equal to the average power divided by the repetition rate, this goal can sometimes be satisfied by lowering the rate of pulses so that more energy can be built up in between pulses. In laser ablation for example, a small volume of material at the surface of a work piece can be evaporated if it is heated in a very short time, whereas supplying the energy gradually would allow for the heat to be absorbed into the bulk of the piece, never attaining a sufficiently high temperature at a particular point. Other applications rely on the peak pulse power (rather than the energy in the pulse), especially in order to obtain nonlinear optical effects. For a given pulse energy, this requires creating pulses of the shortest possible duration utilizing techniques such as Q-switching. The optical bandwidth of a pulse cannot be narrower than the reciprocal of the pulse width. In the case of extremely short pulses, that implies lasing over a considerable bandwidth, quite contrary to the very narrow bandwidths typical of CW lasers. The lasing medium in some dye lasers and vibronic solid-state lasers produces optical gain over a wide bandwidth, making a laser possible which can thus generate pulses of light as short as a few femtoseconds. Q-switching. In a Q-switched laser, the population inversion is allowed to build up by introducing loss inside the resonator, which exceeds the gain of the medium; this can also be described as a reduction of the quality factor or ‘Q’ of the cavity. Then, after the pump energy stored in the laser medium has approached the maximum possible level, the introduced loss mechanism (often an electro- or acousto-optical element) is rapidly removed (or that occurs by itself in a passive device) allowing lasing to begin which rapidly obtains the stored energy in the gain medium. This results in a short pulse incorporating that energy, and thus a high peak power, Mode-locking. A mode-locked laser is capable of emitting extremely short pulses on the order of tens of picoseconds down to less than 10 femtoseconds. These pulses will repeat at the round trip time, that is, the time that it takes light to complete one round trip between the mirrors comprising the resonator. Due to the Fourier limit (also known as energy-time uncertainty), a pulse of such short temporal length has a spectrum spread over a considerable bandwidth. Thus such a gain medium must have a gain bandwidth sufficiently broad to amplify those frequencies. An example of a suitable material is titanium-doped, artificially grown sapphire (Ti:sapphire), which has a very wide gain bandwidth and can thus produce pulses of only a few femtoseconds duration. Such mode-locked lasers are a most versatile tool for researching processes occurring on extremely short time scales (known as femtosecond physics, femtosecond chemistry and ultrafast science), for maximizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical materials (e.g. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators and the like) due to the large peak power, and in ablation applications. Again, because of the extremely short pulse duration, such a laser will produce pulses, which achieve an extremely high peak power. Pulsed pumping. Another method of achieving pulsed laser operation is to pump the laser material with a source that is itself pulsed, either through electronic charging in the case of flash lamps, or another laser, which is already pulsed. Pulsed pumping was historically used with dye lasers where the inverted population lifetime of a dye molecule was so short that a high energy, fast pump was needed. The way to overcome this problem was to charge up large capacitors, which are then switched to discharge through flash lamps, producing an intense flash. Pulsed pumping is also required for three-level lasers in which the lower energy level rapidly becomes highly populated preventing further lasing until those atoms relax to the ground state. These lasers, such as the excimer laser and the copper vapor laser, can never be operated in CW mode. Pulsed lasers in soft-tissue surgery. When a laser beam comes into contact with soft-tissue, one important factor is to not overheat surrounding tissue, so necrosis can be prevented. Laser pulses must be spaced out to allow for efficient tissue cooling (thermal relaxation time) between pulses. Pulse Repetition rate (PRR). When the laser is running in pulsed anode the number of pulses per second or frequency of pulses is known as the Pulse Repetition rate (PRR). The tem PRR and pulse frequency are commonly used. In welding this tends to be in the 10's of Hz, in fine cutting in the 100-1000's of Hz, and in marking or micro machining in the 10000's of Hz. Pulse Repetition Frequency. The typical values of PRP in clinical echo are form 100 microseconds to 1 millisecond. A related parameter to PRP is the Pulse Repetition Frequency or PRF. PRP and PRF are reciprocal to each other. PRF is the number of pulses that occur in 1 second. When the laser is running in pulsed mode the number of pulses per second or frequency of pulses is known as the Pulse Repetition rate (PRR). The term PRR and pulse frequency are commonly used. Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a modulation technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal. Although this modulation technique can be used to encode information for transmission, its main use is to allow the control of the power supplied to electrical devices, especially to inertial loads such as motors. In addition, PWM is one of the two principal algorithms used in photovoltaic solar battery chargers, the other being maximum power point tracking. The average value of voltage (and current) fed to the load is controlled by turning the switch between supply and load on and off at a fast rate. The longer the switch is on compared to the off periods, the higher the total power supplied to the load. The PWM switching frequency has to be much higher than what would affect the load (the device that uses the power), which is to say that the resultant waveform perceived by the load must be as smooth as possible. The rate (or frequency) at which the power supply must switch can vary greatly depending on load and application, for example, Switching has to be done several times a minute in an electric stove; 120 Hz in a lamp dimmer; between a few kilohertz (kHz) and tens of kHz for a motor drive; and well into the tens or hundreds of kHz in audio amplifiers and computer power supplies. The term duty cycle describes the proportion of ‘on’ time to the regular interval or ‘period’ of time; a low duty cycle corresponds to low power, because the power is off for most of the time. Duty cycle is expressed in percent, 100 percent being fully on. The main advantage of PWM is that power loss in the switching devices is very low. When a switch is off there is practically no current, and when it is on and power is being transferred to the load, there is almost no voltage drop across the switch. Power loss, being the product of voltage and current, is thus in both cases close to zero. PWM also works well with digital controls, which, because of their on/off nature, can easily set the needed duty cycle. PWM has also been used in certain communication systems where its duty cycle has been used to convey information over a communications channel. Resonance is a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscillate with greater amplitude at pulsed resonant frequencies. Frequencies at which the response amplitude is a relative maximum are known as the system's resonant frequencies or sound frequencies. At resonant frequencies in Hz, small periodic driving forces have the ability to produce large amplitude oscillations, due to the storage of vibrational energy. Resonance occurs when a system is able to store and easily transfer energy between one or more different storage modes (such as kinetic energy and potential energy in the case of a simple pendulum). Sound energy is a form of energy associated with the vibration of matter. The SI unit of sound energy is the joule (J). Sound is a mechanical wave and as such consists physically in oscillatory elastic compression and in oscillatory displacement of a fluid. Sound frequencies are often simplified to a description in terms of sinusoidal plane waves, which are characterized by these generic properties: Frequency, or its inverse, wavelength. Amplitude, sound pressure or Intensity. Speed of sound. Specified absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field. It can also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound. It is defined as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram (W/kg). SAR is usually averaged either over the whole body, or over a small sample volume (typically 1 g or 10 g of tissue). The value cited is then the maximum level measured in the body part studied over the stated volume or mass. Tumor cells are an abnormal growth of tissue resulting uncontrolled growth of cells and serving no function within the body; a cancerous growth. Tumors can he benign (unlikely to spread to other body parts) or malignant (likely to spread). Ultrasound is sound frequencies with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing. Ultrasound is no different from ‘normal’ (audible) sound in its physical properties, except in that humans cannot hear This limit varies from person to person and is approximately 20 kilohertz (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20 kHz up to several gigahertz. Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasound imaging or sonography is often used in medicine. In the nondestructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning, mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Vibration or oscillation means quickly moving back and forth (or up and down) about a point of equilibrium. The vibration may be periodic (having a pattern) or random. Something that is vibrating may shake at the same time. If it vibrates in a regular way, it may produce a musical note because it can make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound. waves to the ear and to the brain. In structural engineering including earthquake engineering, vibrations may be bad. They may cause the structure to fail. The time it takes a vibrating object to go back and forth completely is the period. The number of back-and-forth movements in one second is its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). The farthest possible distance from the equilibrium point is the amplitude. Waves are described and measured by five wave parameters: the period, the frequency, the amplitude, the wavelength, and the speed. The period of a wave is the time it takes to complete one cycle. The frequency is just the opposite; its the number of wave cycles that arc completed in one second. Wavelength of a sinusoidal wave is the spatial period of the wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats, and thus the inverse of the spatial frequency. It is usually determined by considering the distance between consecutive corresponding points of the same phase, such as crests, troughs, or zero crossings and is a characteristic of both traveling waves and standing waves, as well as other spatial wave patterns. Wavelength is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). The concept can also be applied to periodic waves of non-sinusoidal shape. The term wavelength is also sometimes applied, to modulated waves, and to the sinusoidal envelopes of modulated waves or waves formed by interference of several sinusoids. Assuming a sinusoidal wave moving at a fixed wave speed, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency of the wave: waves with higher frequencies have shorter wavelengths, and lower frequencies have longer wavelengths. Wavelength depends on the medium (for example, vacuum, air, or water) that a wave travels through, Examples of wave-like phenomena are frequencies in Hz, light, water waves and periodic electrical signals in a conductor. A sound wave is a variation in air pressure, while in light and other electromagnetic radiation the strength of the electric and the magnetic field vary. Water waves are variations in the height of a body of water. In a crystal lattice vibration, atomic positions vary. Wavelength is a measure of the distance between repetitions of a shape feature such as peaks, valleys, or zero-crossings, not a measure of how far any given particle moves. Abdominal_inflammation—2720, 2489, 2170, 2000, 1865, 1800, 1600, 1550, 880, 832, 802, 787, 776, 727, 660, 465, 450, 444, 440, 428, 380, 250, 146, 125, 95, 72, 20, 1.2; Abdominal_pain—10000, 3000, 95, 3; Abscesses (also use Alzheimersi—19180.5, 2213, 5148, 866. 840, 624, 620, 4:30; Alzheimers_TR—430, 620, 624, 866, 5148, 2213, 1918, 742.4, 303, 23.2, 2900, 864, 790, 690, 610, 470, 484, 986, 644, 254, 30, 33, 6; Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation)—10000, 880, 1550, 802, 787, 760, 727, 465, 20: Amoeba (a single celled, sometimes infectious microorganism)—310, 333, 532, 732, 769, 827, 1522; Amoeba_hepar_abcess (liver abcess caused by amoebic infection) 344, 605, 510, 943; Amoebic_dysentery (use Entamoeba histolytica); Amyotropic_lateral_sclerosis (use ALS); Anal_itching (also use Parasites enterobiasis and see Parasites general set)—10000, 880, 787, 760, 727, 465, 125, 120, 95, 72, 444, 1865, 20, 773, 826, 827, 835, 4152; Anaphylaxis—10000; Anaplasma_marginale_HC—19267.60, 959,28, 21010.14, 1046.03; Aneurysm—880, 787, 760, 727, 465, 125, 95, 72, 444, 1865, 20, 727; Angina_quinsy (inflammation of lymph gland in throat)—787, 776, 727, 690, 465, 428, 660; Angina_pectoris—3, 230, 2720, 2170, 1800, 1600, 1500, 880, 832, 787, 776, 727, 465, 444, 1865, 125, 95, 72, 20, 660, 783; Ankylosing_spondylitis (arthritis of the spine. Use 326 longer periods after buildup)—3000, 95, 1550, 802, 880, 787, 776, 727, 650, 625, 600, 28, 10, 35, 28, 7.69, 1.2, 110, 100, 60, 428, 680, 326; Anosmia (loss of smell)—20, 10000; Anthrax (also see Babesia—76, 570, 1583, 1584, 432, 753, 5776; Deafness (partial to complete)—10000, 1550, 880, 802, 787, 727, 20; Deer_tick_1—7989, 289, 7:37, 738, 271, 671, 773; Dematium_nifrum (soil fungi found in human lesions)—24:3, 738; Dengue_fever_TR—160, 500, 1600, 5000, 7344, 4412, 1550, 1234, 740, 880, 787, 727, 330, 10000, 5000, 30, 10551.5, 5275.8, 2627.9; Dental_and_jawbone_infections_1 (use converge 1 1 on all except use converge 1 0.1 on 728)—7270, 2720, 2170, 880, 787, 727, 500, 190, 728; Dental_and_jawbone_infections_2—15, 326, 465, 727, 787, 880; Dental_foci (Neglecting this can prevent recovery from any illness if infection is a problem)—5170, 3000, 2720, 2489, 1800, 1600, 1550, 1500, 880, 832, 802, 787, 776, 727, 666, 650, 646, 600, 465, 190, 95, 47.5; Dental_general (see also Toothache)—728, 784, 635, 640, 1036, 1043, 1094, 685, 60, 48, 465; Dental_infection (roots and gums)—960, 660, 666, 690, 727, 784, 787, 800, 880, 1560, 1840, 1998, 2489; Dental_infection—5170, 3000, 2720, 2489, 1800, 1600, 1550, 1500, 1094, 1043, 1036, 880, 832, 802, 787, 776, 727, 685, 666, 650, 646, 640, 635, 600, 465, 190, 95, 60, 48, 47.5; Dental_infection_2—10000, 5000, 1562, 1552, 1550, 880, 800, 799, 787, 784, 776, 774, 728, 727, 664, 620, 464, 254.2, 120, 64, 20; Dental_infection_and_Earache_1—960, 930, 900, 880, 832, 802, 800, 787, 776, 775, 768, 760, 750, 727, 685, 680, 666, 650, 646.3, 646, 640, 635, 622,3, 547, 521, 518; Dental_infections_TR—3400, 2489, 1700, 1560; Dental_Infections_v—981, 138, 142, 177, 183, 210, 222, 233, 436, 534, 626, 723, 835, 875, 5227 7059; Depression_anxiety_trembling_weakness—3.5, 800; Depression_drugs_or_toxins—1.1, 73; Depressio_general (avoid starches in diet, use a multivitamin and multimineral, and drink plenty of water)—10000, 5000, 3176, 800, 787, 73, 35, 7.83, 3.5, 1.1; Detox_and_lymphs—10000, 3176, 3040, 880, 787, 751, 727, 676, 635, 625, 522, 465, 444, 440, 304, 306, 148, 146, 15,2, 15.05, 10,36, 10, 7.83, 6.3, 2.5, 3176; Detox_assist—10000, 3176; Detox_1—10000, 3176, 522, 164, 89, 24; Diabetes_1 (Warning; can cause large drop in blood sugar level. Use 5000 for 15 min)—5000, 2127, 2080, 2050, 2013, 2008, 2003, 2000, 1850, 880, 803, 800, 787, 727, 660, 484, 465, 440, 35, 20, 6.8; Diabetes_2—4200, 2128, 1865, 1850, 1550, 787, 465, 444, 125, 95, 72, 48, 302; Diabetes_associated_infection—2020, 800, 727, 786, 190, 80, 20; Diabetes_secondary—10000, 2720, 2170, 1800, 1550, 880, 802, 727, 465, 20; Diabetes_tertiary—1850, 32000, 4000, 500; Diabetic_loading—35, 700; Diabetic_toe_ulcer_1 (also use Facial—10000, 6000, 304, 1131, 33; Facial_paralysis—10000, 880, 787, 727; Facial_toning—1,2; Fainting—20; Fascia (fibrous tissue under the skin. Also see Fibroid fiats)—20; Fatigue_general—428, 424, 664, 660, 464, 125, 120, 95, 72, 20, 444, 1865, 10000, 5000; Febris_wolhynia (a Rickettsia illness, transmitted by lice, that is debilitating and conducive to relapse)—547, 356; Fel_tauri (homeopathic preparation of ox bile)—672; Feli—435, 742; Felis—430, 834, 2232, 3233; Felon_1 (pus, infection of finger tips)—657, 659, 738, 751; Felon_2—663, 665, 720, 722; Febris_Wolyhnica—547; Fever (some causes)—1552, 880, 800, 832, 422, 2112, 787, 727, 20; Fever_sunstroke—20, 440, 880; Fibroadenoma_mainae (non cancerous, fibrous nodules in the breasts. Use kelp capsules too)—1384, 2128. 2189; Fibroids_general (sec Parasites, flukes, general)—2950, 2189, 2128, 2127, 2008, 1744, 1552, 1550, 1488, 1384, 1234, 880, 802, 787, 776, 727, 690, 666, 465, 267; Fibroma—2127, 2008, 727, 690, 666, 1550, 802, 465; Fibromyalgia (run Detox afterwards if needed)—328, 880, 800, 728, 5000, 2720, 2180, 2128, 664, 464, 304, 120, 20; Fibromyalgia_1—120, 140, 304, 464, 728, 800, 880, 2489, 3176, 5000, 6000, 9000; Fibromyalgia_2—2008, 2050, 2080, 2127, 880, 800, 787, 728, 600, 420, 320, 120, 3790, 3792, 3794, 3796, 3798, 3800, 3802, 3804, 3806, 3808, 3810; Fibromyalgia_TR (includes muscle relaxtion frequencies. Run 321, 384, and 40 for 12 min each)—321, 384, 40, 965, 200, 120, 240, 760, 68, 6000, 304; Fibropendulum—661, 7465, 211, 233, 766; Fibrosarcoma—1744; Fibrosis_lung (use Pulmonary fibrosis); Fifth _disease (use Erythema infectiostun); Fischpyrogen—832; Fissures—787, 20, 10000; Fistula_dentalis (727*, 878*, 1122*)—550, 727, 844, 878. 1122.786; Fistula_ulcer (use also Staph freqs)—880, 832, 787, 727; FIV—262, 323, 372, 404, 567, 712, 742, 760, 773. 916, 1103, 1132, 3701; Flatulence—1550, 880, 832, 802, 787, 727, 465; Flu (use Influenza); Flukes (use Parasites, flukes); Fluor_Alb (homeopathic cell salt)—110, 342. 420, 423, 688, 757; Follicular_mange (contagious dermatitis found in many animals that is caused by mites and in which the principle activity is at the hair follicles. Also soak with vegetable oil, let sit at least 15 minutes, and rinse with thyme tea.)—253, 693, 701, 774; Folliculitis_hot_tub (tiny pimples)—174, 482, 5311; Food_poisoning (some classes. Also use Gaffkya_tetragena_HC (causes respiratory infections)—17425,47, 867,56; Gardnercila_vaginalis_HC (causes ovarian and genital tract infection)—16927.60, 842.78; General_antiseptic—10000, 5000, 3176, 21145, 1552, 1488, 880, 802, 786, 776, 766, 760, 728, 688, 683, 676, 666, 660, 464, 450, 444, 428, 120, 20; General_antiseptic_1—10000, 5000, 3176, 2720, 2000, 1865, 1770, 1550, 1360, 880, 804, 802, 787, 786, 760, 728 690, 660, 590, 555, 465, 450, 428, 768, 523, 333, 14; General_demo (greatest hits)—10000, 4412, 3040, 2128, 2112, 1862, 1550, 880, 800, 786, 732, 728, 712, 688, 676, 644, 464, 422, 128, 120, 20; General_malady—40000, 10000, 5000; General_prog_Blaster5—2489, 2128, 2008, 2000, 1998, 1840, 1800, 1600, 1570, 1560, 1550, 1500, 880, 800, 787, 784, 776, 740, 727, 690, 666, 622, 600, 500, 400, 120, 80; General_program_EMEM—720, 1550, 20, 4200; General_prophylaxis—20, 64, 95, 125, 225, 427, 440, 664, 728, 784, 880, 802, 832, 680, 760, 1550, 464, 10000, 676, 1488; Geotrichum_candidum (fungus found in feces and dairy products whose manifestations resemble those of candida)—350, 355, 384, 386, 403, 404, 407, 409, 410, 412, 415, 418, 543, 544, 687, 987, 988, 737, 700; German measles (Use Measles, rubella); Giardia (use Parasites, giardia); Gingivitis (inflammation of gums. See also Dental, Dental foci, Stomathis. Take calcium and magnesium internally and brush with CoQ10 and myrrh or goldenseal)—1550, 880, 802, 787, 728, 726, 465, 20, 1556, 776, 465; Glanders (use Pseudomonas mallei); Glandular fever—10000, 20; Glandular_fever_thyroid (exp)—10000, 20, 16000; Gliociadium (brain fungus)—855, 469, 633; Goiter (use Struma); Gonads inflammation (use Orchitis); Gonorrhea—7120, 6000, 2330, 1500, 712, 660, 600, 233, 150; Gonorrhea_neisseria_HC—16628.88, 927.90; Gout (Also use water cure and high dose bromelain or other enzymes. See also Kidney freqs)—9.39, 3000, 10000, 880, 787, 727, 20; Granuloma_dent—441; Gravel_urine—2.65, 3000, 880, 787, 727, 20; Graves_disease_and_goiter—20, 727, 787, 880; Greatest_Hits (use General demo); Green_Dye—563, 2333; Grippe (use Influenza, grippe); Griseofulvin—14338.68, 713.88; Gulf_War_Syndrome_v—7755, 6007, 5419, 2688, 1370, 1365, 975, 866, 837, 771, 714, 639, 633, 578, 533, 435, 392, 255, 253, 136; Guillain_Barr_Syndrome_TR—10000, 7344, 5000, 2950, 2900, 2650, 2600, 1550, 1234, 740 880, 787, 727, 330, 165, 82.6, 41.75, 20.87, 30, 7344, 4412, 5000; Gum_disease (use Gingivitis_Pyorrhea); Haemophilia_tonic (hereditary bleeding disorders in which the blood does not readily clot)—778, 845, 751; Haemophilus_influenzae_HC (causes bacterial meningitis, infects joints)—16728.45, 832.86; Hair_human—646; Halitosis (bad breath. See also Strep pneumonia, Strep aureus, Pharyngitis, Dental, Parasite general, and General antiseptic sets)—1550, 802, 880, 787, 727, 20 Hallucinations—10000, 880, 787, 727, 20; Hand_foot_and_mouth_syndrome (a mild viral infection found in young children)—232, 237, 1214, 1243, 1244, 1271, 5411; Hangover (see also Kidney and Liver support freqs)—10000, 522, 146; Hayfever (only some types)—880 787, 727, 20, Head_injury_followup (Seek immediate medical attention for head injuries!)—9.6, 3000, 880, 787, 727, 522, 72, 5.8, 4.9; Headaches—144, 160, 1.2, 520, 10, 10000, 304; Headaches_caused_by_vertebral_misalignment (Not a substitute for adjustment)—9.6, 3000, Headaches_comp—10000, 3000, 880, 787, 727, 650, 625, 600, 522, 520, 304, 160, 146, 144, 125, 95, 73, 20, 10, 9.6, 9.39, 7.83, 6.3, 5.8, 4.9, 4, 1.2, Headaches_due_to_parasites (see also Parasites, strongyloides)—125, 95, 73, 20 727, 3000; Headaches_due_to_toxicity—522, 146, 4.9, 3000, 880, 787, 727, 20; Headaches_unknown_cause—10, 4, 5.8, 6.3 7.83, 3000, 650, 625, 600 Headaches_urogenitally_caused—9.39, 3000; Healing_and_regeneration—2720, 266, 47; Heart_blockage_1—59, 60, 61; Heart_general—20, 81, 162, 5000; Heart_tonic (lab animals only. See also Chlamydia Staph infection, Circulatory stasis, and Kidney freq sets)—80, 160, 20, 73, 3,9, 3000, 880, 787, 727, 465, 162, 125, 95, 20, 1.2; Heartburn_chronic (use calcium magnesium supplement and The Water Cure. Also see Staph and Strep general sets and Icterus_haemolytic (a chronic form of jaundice involving anemia)—243, 768; Ileocolitis_colon_inflammation (also use Colitis if necssary and see Parasite general and roundworm sets)—802, 832, 440; Immune_system_stabilization_TR—330, 10000, 7344, 5000, 1550, 1234, 740, 880, 835, 787, 727, 30; Immune_system_stimulation—10000, 5611, 5000, 4014, 3448, 3347, 3176, 2929, 2867, 2855, 2791, 2720, 2489, 2180, 2128, 2008, 1862, 1488, 880, 800, 787, 728, 665, 464, 432, 304, 120, 20, 8; Immune_system_stimulation_1—40.4, 40.5, 40.6, 40.7, 40.8; impotence (many classes. Also use Circulatory stasis)—9.39, 2127, 2008, 465, 10000, 880, 802, 787, 727, 690, 666, 125, 95, 73, 72.20, 650, 625, 600; Incontinence_1 (use all freqs for 10 min)—2250, 2050, 2128, 690, 666; indigestion (use Dyspepsia); Infantile_paralysis (also use Polio)—1500, 880, 787, 727, 776, 5000, 10000; Infections_general (see General Antiseptic)—1550, 880, 802, 786, 728, 465, 444, 125, 95, 72, 48, 20, 304, 1.2, 5500, 676, 422, 766; Infections_general_secondary—5000, 1600, 1500, 832, 776, 760, 700, 690, 666, 650, 625, 600, 1865, 500, 450, 440, 428, 660, 2112; Infections_general_tertiary—1800, 2720, 2489, 832, 3040, 2008, 1850, 610, 732, 751, 40000; Infertility (see also Impotence)—2127, 2008, 465, 880, 802, 787, 727, 690, 666, 650, 625, 600, 9.39; Inflammnation_general (also see infection general sets)—1.5, 3.6, 2720; Influencinum_Berlin55—430, 720, 733, 787; Influencinum_vesic_NW—332, 364, 519, 588, 590, 238, 239, 715; Influencinum_vesic_SW—433, 645, 658, 824; Influencinum_nvesica_general (blisters)—203, 292, 588, 612, 975, 407.682; influenza (mutates to new strains constantly but these may be helpful. See also Influenza. Grippe and influenza Virus. Use all freqs for 5 min if necessary)—7766, 7764, 7762, 7760, 7344, 5000, 3672, 2720, 2050, 2008, 1947, 1674, 1550, 1500, 1234, 885, 880, 875, 800, 786, 728, 683, 512, 464. 440, 304, 20; Influenza_1_99_00—10000, 880, 727, 330, 728; Influenza_1957_A_Asian—768, 574; Influenza_1978—844, 814, 610; Influenza_1979—123, 513, 522, 565, 788, 601; Influenza_1983—424, 730, 734, 428; Influenza_1989—216, 322, 627, 703, 748; Influenza1993—522, 615, 778, 850, 959; Influenza_11993_secondary—207, 254, 580, 582, 584, 586, 588, 848, 947, 7967, 8910, 739, 741, 760, 765, 773, 915; Influenza_1994—689, 697, 699, 798; Influenza_1994_secondary—337, 690, 868, 869, 702, 727, 729, 776, 779; Influenza_1997_1998—2008, 880, 787, 727, 35, 20, 465; Influenza_2_9900—440, 465, 613, 666, 727, 787, 800, 1000, 5000, 10000; Influenza_2003_2004_1—7344, 3672, 1234, 880, 743, 727, 683, 464, 452, 333, 72, 200, 93.9, 2720, 2489, 1800, 1600, 1550, 885, 875, 832, 802 787, 776, 766, 1500, 832, 787, 650, 625, 600, 465, 144, 582; Influenza_2003_2004_2—8911.25, 9113,5, 9141,5, 9393.13, 6654.69, 7255, 7284.06, 8041.5, 10334.06, 10346,56, 10976.38, 7414.28, 7631.09, 7632.66 7667.38, 7676.94, 8045.81, 8082.59, 8305,19, 5548.59, 5549,22, 5554.69, 5554,84, 5558.75, 5560.78, 5562.5, 7118.2, 5045.03, 6752.01; Influenza_2005-2006_TR—2950, 322, 476, 468, 589, 664, 785, 822, 895, 936, 944, 1043, 1614, 1871, 2062, 1489, 3742, 748; Influenza_2005-2006_TR—2748.8, 5695.9, 2856.7, 2935.4, 4159.2, 4534.4, 2276,3, 2504,5, 3229.4, 6466.6, 1715,1, 4633.9, 4769.4, 1192.6, 599, 2390, 1257.2, 315.7, 5190,7, 1734, 6936.5, 867.9, 434, 217.1, 6951, 4448.9, 6306,3, 4220, 8478, 1216, 1214, 1060, 1010, 935, 778, 777, 465, 457, 445, 433, 425; Influenza_A_and_B_HC (flu shot)—15931.86, 15682.93, 793.20, 780.81; Influenza_aches_and_respiratory (use 7760 and 7766 for 10 min, all others for 5)—440, 512, 683, 728, 784, 787, 800, 875, 880, 885, 2050, 2720, 5000, 7760, 7766, 304; Influenza_and_Cold_1 (winter 01 to 02)—959, 962; Influenza_Asian_grippe_A—516, 656, 434; Influenza_aviain_exp_TR (sweep from 4896.1 to 5060.9 by 0.03125 dwell 1); influenza_autumn1998 (use 8700 and 7760 for 15 min)—250, 465, 8210, 8700, 7760; Influenza_Bach_Poly—122, 350, 487, 572, 634, 768, 823, 1043, 1272, 764, 771; Influenza_general_1 (winter 98 to 99)—6984, 6986, 6988, 6990, 6992, 6994, 6996, 6998, 7000, 7002, 7004, 7006, 7008, 7010, 7012, 7014, 7016; Influenza_grippe_1986_tri—532, 588, 660, 662, 664, 666, 668, 670, 994, 462, 712; Influenza_grippe_1987—140. 332, 581, 953, 4868, 730; Influenza_grippe_1988—267, 536, 568, 2050, 752, 781; Influenza_grippe_1989—353, 536, 874; Influenza_grippe_1990—541, 560, 656; Influenza_grippe_general—343, 500, 512, 541, 862, 1000, 1192, 3012, 3423, 10223; Influenza_grippe_vapch—153, 343; Influenza_haemophilus—542, 552, 885, 959, 734, 633.1, 2532.4; Influenza_haemophilus_type_B (can cause a type of meningitis)—652, 942, 483, 731, 746; Influenza_spanish—462, 787; Influenza_2005_sweep_TR (long sweep from 9750 to 10156.25 by 0.03125 steps at 0.25 sec duration/step); Influenza_overnight_TR (Combines many of the CAFL flu frequencies into on large set. TR specifies to pulse 0.25 90, use duration of 90 sec per freq to make approx 8 hr set)—10223, 10000, 9090, 8910, 8700, 8250, 8210, 8000, 7967, 7766, 7764, 7762, 7760, 7344, 6984, 6986, 6988, 6990, 6992, 6994, 6996, 6998, 7000, 7002, 7004, 7006, 7008, 7010, 7012, 7014, 7016, 5608, 5000, 4868, 3672, 3423, 3122, 3012, 2720, 2544, 2532.4, 2489, 2558, 2398, 2050, 2008, 1947, 1922, 1800, 1674, 1600, 1550, 1500, 1422, 1272, 1242, 1234, 1215, 1192, 1191, 1186, 1043, 1020, 1000, 995, 994, 985, 984, 969, 967, 962, 959, 954, 953, 947, 946, 945, 942, 932, 922, 915, 895, 889, 885, 880, 878, 875, 874, 869, 868, 863, 862, 861, 850, 848, 844, 841, 839, 836, 833, 832, 823, 814, 802, 800, 798, 788, 787, 786, 784, 782, 781, 780, 779, 778, 777, 776, 773, 771, 770, 768, 766, 765, 764, 763, 762, 761, 760, 758, 757, 756, 753, 752, 750, 748, 746, 745, 743, 742, 741, 740, 739, 734, 732, 731, 730, 729, 728, 727, 726, 724, 722, 720, 715, 713, 712, 703, 702, 699, 697, 690, 689, 687, 683, 680, 679, 678, 676, 674, 672, 670, 668, 666, 664, 663, 662, 660, 656, 653, 652, 651, 650, 649, 647, 640, 632, 634, 633.1, 627, 625, 615, 613, 610, 601, 600, 597, 588, 582, 581, 580, 574, 572, 568, 566, 565, 560, 558, 555, 553, 552, 542, 541, 537, 536, 535, 534, 532, 530, 525, 524, 523, 522, 518, 516, 513, 512, 500, 496, 487, 483, 482, 472, 469, 468, 465, 464, 462, 461, 457, 452, 447, 442, 440, 434, 432, 428, 425, 424, 421, 413, 387, 360, 358, 356, 354, 353, 352, 350, 345, 343, 341, 340, 338, 337, 336, 334, 333, 332, 330, 324, 322, 316, 304, 272, 267, 254, 250, 232, 216, 207, 200, 153, 144, 140, 123, 122, 93.9, 72, 47, 35, 20; Influenza_triple_nosode—421, 632, 1242, 1422, 1922, 3122; Influenza_V_grippe—861; Influenza_V2_grippe—324, 652, 653; Influenza_V3 grippe—550, 553; Influenza_V4_grippe—232, 352, 2558; Influenza_V5_grippe—945, 518; Influenza_V75_Victoria—343, 316, 1020; Influenza_VA2_grippe—3:34, =172, 496, 833, 836, 922, 728; Influenza_VA2L_grippe—447; Influenza_vitus_1991_1992—153, 345, 387, 758, 984, 985; Influenza_virus_1991_1992_secondary—330, 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 360, 525, 632, 740, 761, 762, 776, 777, 780; Influenza_virus_1992_1993—535, 946; Influenza_virus_1992_1993_secondary—272, 534, 566, 668, 674, 776, 782, 947 632, 640, 713, 715, 742, 773, 777; Influenza_virus_1993_1994—757, 885, 895, 969; Influenza_virus_1993_1994 secondary—447, 457, 597, 756, 764, 776, 798, 878, 967, 9090, 663, 720, 728, 729, 745, 762, 764, 770, 773, 779; Influenza_virus_A—322, 332, 776; Influenza_virus_A1974—442; Influenza_virus_A Port_Chalmers—622, 863; Influenza_virus_B—468, 530, 532, 536, 537, 568, 722, 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 1186, 679; Influenza_virus_B Hong_Kong—555; Influenza_virus_British—558, 932; Influenza_virus_general—728, 800, 880, 7760, 8000, 8250; Influenza_virus_swine—413, 432, 663, 839, 995; Influenza_with_Fever_v—954, 889, 841, 787, 763, 753, 742, 523, 513, 482, 469, 461, 425, 341, 332; Influenza_with_respiratory_1 (winter 99 to 00)—47, 1191, 2398, 2544, 5608, 7760, 7766, 672, 674, 676, 678, 680, 647, 649, 651, 653, 1215, 724, 726, 728, 730, 732, 746, 768, 687; Influenzum_toxicum—854; Injection_allergic_reaction—10000; insomnia (see also Parasite general set)—3.59, 3, 7.83, 10, 1550, 1500, 880, 802, 6000, 304; Intelligence_and_clarity_of_thought—20, 10000; Intercostal_neuralgia (pain in rib musculature)—3000, 1550, 880, 802, 787, 776, 727, 125, 20, 1865, 444; Interleukin (used to stimulate lymphocyte production)—3448, 2929, 4014, 5611, 2867, 2855, 2791; Intermittent_claudication—45, 48; Intestinal_problems_colon (see also Colitis)—10, 440, 880, 787, 727; Intestinal_problems_general (also see Parasite general set and General antiseptic)—802; Intestines_inflammation (see also Colitis)—727, 787, 880, 832, 1550, 105, 791; Iodamoeba_butschii_HC—22155.25, 1103.04; Irritable_bowel_syndrome (see also Parasites general set and Colitis)—6766, 5429, 4334, 2018, 1550, 880, 832, 829, 812, 802, 787, 727, 465, 422, 407, 334, 20; itching (pruritis. Take hot bath with a cup of apple cider vinegar afterwards. If chronic and no long term relief, use Parasite sets including Parasites general and Parasites blood flukes.)—880, 787, 727, 444, 125, 95, 72, 20, 1865, 3176; Jaundice (see also Liver support, gall bladder, Leptospirosis, and Parasites fluke and general frequency sets)—5000, 1600, 1550, 1500, 880, 802, 650, 625, 600, 444, 1865, 146 250, 125, 95, 72, 20; Jock_itch (use Epidermophyton floccinum); Joint_inflammation (also see Arthritis sets)—10000; Joint_pain_basic_TR (also known as Pain.Bio, run 160, 500, 1600, 5000 with pulse 4 60, 1600 500 160 with pulse 2 60, 160 324 528 with pulse 2 60 converge 1 1)—160, 500, 1600, 5000, 324, 528; Kaposis_sarcoma (use Cancer_Kaposis_sarcoma); Kidney_insufficiency—9.2, 10, 40, 440, 1600, 1550, 1500, 880, 802, 650, 625, 600, 444, 1865, 146, 250, 125, 95, 72, 20; Kidney_papilloma (small, usually benign growth on a kidney)—110, 148, 264, 634, 767, 848, 917, 760, 762, 1102; Kidney_stimulation_TR (specified by True Rife as may help against infections common in acute renal failure)—4412, 2720, 2400, 2112, 1864, 1600, 1550, 1500, 880, 854, 800, 784, 751, 732, 728, 712, 668, 651, 644, 625, 600, 524, 465, 442, 334, 250, 240, 152, 146, 28, 125, 120, 112, 100, 96. 93, 72, 64, 40, 20, 2222, 1153, 1134, 1016, 582, 676, 440; Kidney_stones (use with vitamin, mineral, and herb supplementation)—444, 727, 787, 880, 10000, 6000, 3000, 3.5, 1552; Kidney_ionic_general—440, 248.8, 880, 20, 10000, 800, 5000, 3000; Kieferosteitis (a type of bone inflammation marked by enlargement and pain)—432, 516, 384; L_lysine (stimulates)—195.5, 391, 782, 1564.1, 3128.2, 6256.4; Lac_deflorat—230, 371, 232, 2121; Macular_degeneration_1—0.6, 1.1, 1.4, 1,9, 9,9, 10, 21, 23.6, 24, 25.6, 26.7, 32, 34,1, 410; Magnesium—480; Malabsorption_syndrome (use with Parasites, General set)—727, 787, 880, 800, 1552, 3000; Malaria (an infectious disease, originating in tropical areas, that is transmitted by a mosquito bite and characterized by fever, anemia, and spleen enlargement. Also use wormwood annua. Also see Perniciosia)—4, 20, 28, 222, 550, 713, 880, 930, 1032, 1433, 1444, 1445, 455, 743; Malaria_1—20, 555; Malaria_2—20, 28, 787, 880; Malaria_3 (all freqs 5 to 15 min each)—880, 800, 787, 728, 20; Malaria_Falciparum_1—1518, 1348, 1473, 1002, 1019; Malassezia_furfur (causes tinea versicolor. See also Fungus general)—222, 225, 491, 616, 700; Mamma_fibromatosis (use Breast, fibroid cysts); Mange_follicular—253, 693; Mannan—961, 661; Marsh_elder—474; Mastitis (an inflamed breast usually caused by bacterial infection)—654, 698; Mastoiditis (inflammation of the bony structure of the head in the region of the ears below the eyes)—287; Measles—727, 787, 880, 342, 442, 443, 467, 520, 521, 552, 1489, 745, 757, 763, 712; Measles_HC (antigen)—18471.00, 919.62; Measles_rubella (German or 3 day measles)—431, 459, 510, 517, 796, 967, 368, 734, 772; Measles_rubella_secondary—727, 787, 880; Measles_rubella_vaccine—429, 459, 832, 926, 505; Measles_rubeola (9 day measles)—342, 467, 520, 784, 787, 962, 1489; Measles_vaccine—214, 725, 747, 783, 962; Measles_vaccine (try for autism)—1489, 962, 880, 787, 783, 763, 757, 747, 745, 727, 725, 712, 552, 521, 467, 443, 342, 214; Medorrhinum (homeopathic nosode for urethral discharge. See also Vaginosis.)—230, 442, 554, 843, 854, 1700, 1880, 2222, 602; Menieres_1—8.8, 8.9, 9.0, Menieres_2—456.6, 723, 880; Menieres_disease (auditory vertigo associated with deafness and tinnitus. Use 5000 for 16 min, 782 for 26 min, others for 7 min. Also use General_antiseptic)—1550, 802, 880, 787, 727, 465, 428, 33, 329, 5000, 1130, 782, 0; Meningcoccus_Virus—720; Meningioma (a benign, slow-growing tumor of the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord)—446, 535, 537; Meningitis (inflammation of the membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial: also use Nanobacter ( Oat_smut—806; Oligodena—853; Oospora—9599, 5346; Oral_lesions (chronic cases will always return until metal dental bit is replaced with uranium free porcelain. See also herpes simplex I and use: Stomatitis)—2720, 2489, 2008, 1800, 1600, 1550, 802, 880, 787, 727, 465, 444, 522, 146; Orchitis (inflammation of testes due to TB, mumps, gonorrhea, cancer, bacteria, etc. See also causative condition if known)—2720, 2489, 2170, 2127, 2008, 1800, 1600, 1550, 802, 1500, 880, 832, 787, 776, 727, 690, 666, 650, 625, 600, 125, 95, 72, 20, 9; Orchitis_secondary—727, 787, 880, 10000; Ornithosis (Psittacosis or Parrot Fever; an infectious pneumonia transmitted by certain birds)—233, 331, 332, 583, 859, 1217; Osteitis (bone inflammation)—770; Osteoarthritis (use also Arthritis)—962, 1500, 770; Osteoitis—2,65; Osteomyelitis—2720, 2489, 2170, 2127, 2008, 1800, 1600, 1550, 802, 1500, 880, 832, 787, 776, 727, 690, 666; Osteomyelosclerosis (marrow replacement by bone in response to low-grade infection)—79, 330; Osteosinusitis_max—243, 327; Ostitis—770, 743, 736, 724; Otitis_externa (outer ear infection. Also see Pain_acute—3000, 95, 10000, 1550, 802, 880, 787, 727, 690, 666; Pain_general (Also look under name of condition causing pain)—3000, 2720, 95, 666, 80, 40; Pain_of_cancer—3000, 95, 2127, 2008, 727, 690, 666; Pain of infection—3000, 95, 880, 1550, 802, 787, 776, 727, 4.9; Pain relief—304, 6000, 3000, 666, 80; Palsy_general—10000; Pancreas—440, 464, 600, 624, 648, 1552, 727, 787, 880; Pancreatic_insufficiency—20, 250, 650, 625, 600, 465, 444, 26, 2720, 2489, 2170, 2127, 2008, 1800, 1600, 1550, 802, 1500, 880, 832, 787, 776, 727, 690, 666, 20; Papilloma_kidney (small, usually benign growth on a kidney)—110, 148, 264, 634, 767, 848, 917, 760, 762, 1102; Papilloma_virus (causes warts and benign tumors having a branch or stalk and in some cases white patches known as leukoplakia, 874*, 907*)—67265, 64734, 16970, 9609, 9258, 5657, 1051, 1011, 907, 874, 767, 489, 466, 404, 265, 110, 45; Papilloma_virus_cervix_HC (smear)—20128.91, 1002.16; Papilloma_virus_plantar_wart_HC—20163.76, 1003; Papilloma_virus_wart_HC—20263.34, 1008.85; Paraceli—232; Paradontose—424, 1552; Paralysis_nonspastic—10000, 880, 787, 776, 727, 650, 625, 600, 444, 1865, 125, 95, 72, 20, 9.19, 8.25; Paralysis_spastic—10000, 880, 787, 776, 727, 650, 625, 600, 444, 1865, 125, 95, 72, 20, 7.69; Q Fever (an infectious disease caused by contact with animals with the parasitic Rickettsia bacteria and Rickettsia bacteria and Sacred_frequencies—11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 70, 72, 77, 88, 99, 111, 144, 153, 222, 333, 444, 555, 666, 777, 888, 999, 1111, 1260, 3142; Salivary_gland_virus (human herpes type 5. Use Cytomegalovirus); T-lymph_virus_TR—8225, 6353, 6230, 3806, 2664, 2432, 1675, 1230, 1220, 965, 844, 837, 776, 732, 725, 714, 646, 63:3, 392, 314, 245, 243, 111; Tachycardia (rapid heart beat. For lab animals only. See also Heart tonic, Relaxation sets)—1 Taenia (use Parasites tapeworm); Tainio_sweep (sweep from 42 to 72 Hz in small intervals, at most 1, to possibly stimulate the immune system); Taste_lack_of—10000, 20; Tendomyopathy—320, 250, 160, 80, 40, 20, 10, 5.8, 2,5, 1.5, 1.2, 1, 0.5; Tetanus (infectious disease of the central nervous system caused by clostridium tetani)—15770, 1200, 1142, 880, 700, 628, 600, 554, 465, 458, 400, 36:3, :352, 244, 234, 120, 20; Tetanus_secondary—880, 787, 727: Tetragenus—393, 43:3, 2712; Thalamus_stimulant—20; Thermi_bacteria—233, 441; Throat_tickle_chronic (see also Ulcer_duodenal—676, 727, 750, 880, 10000; Ulcer_gastric—676; Ulcer_parasites—3, 3.5, 4, 6,8, 9.9, Ulcer_ventric—142, 566, 676, 232, 1000; Ulcer_ventricular—769, 760; Ulcers_general—676, 664, 802, 784, 2489, 2170, 2127, 1800, 1600, 880, 832, 802, 787, 776, 727, 73; Urea_plasma—756; Uremia (also known as uremic poisoning; excessive amounts of nitrogenous waste products in the blood, as seen in kidney failure. Also use Kidney and Lymph stasis freqs.)—911; Urethritis (also see Vaginosis and use Vaccinium (a homeopathic nosode)—476; Vaginosis (non-specified infection. Also see Wart_condyloma (venereal warts caused by infectious papilloma virus)—466, 907; Warts_general (also see Papilloma and Parasites roundworms and Parasites, flukes general)—2720, 2489, 2170, 2127, 2008, 1800, 1600, 1500, 907, 915, 874, 727, 690, 666, 660, 644, 767, 953, 495, 466, 110; Warts_1 (apply with pad at negative 24v for 5 min at a time)—21750; Warts_papilloma (branch or stalk, use Papilloma virus); Warts_plantar (use 915 and 918 for 15 to 30 min)—915, 918, 20, 120, 727.5, 787, 880, 2008, 2127.5; Warts_verruca (a rough surfaced, supposedly harmless, viral caused skin wart)—495, 644, 767, 797, 877, 953, 173, 787; Wellness—6.8, 7.83; Werlhof—690, 452; West_Nile_1—413, 826, 1239, 3303, 465, 841, 8410; West_Nile_2—1385, 1115, 841, 799, 730, 697, 686, 664, 514, 498, 484, 434, 404, 313, 240; Wheat_smut—10163, 156, 375; Wheat_stem_rust1—643; Whiplash—20, 2720, 10000; White Blood Cell stimulation (use Immune system stimulation); Whooping_cough (use Pertussis); Wolhynia_fever (a Rickettsia illness, transmitted by lice, that is debilitating and conducive to relapse. Also see Rickettsia)—547; Wound_healing (also see General antiseptic)—2720, 880, 787, 727, 220, 190, 20, 40; Yeast_cervical (also use Candida)—788, 706, 771; Yeast_general (also see Candida. Use Parasites general, roundworm, and ascaris if no lasting relief)—72, 254, 375, 522, 876, 987, 414, 422, 465, 582, 787, 1016, 2222; Yeast_general_v—72, 422, 582, 787, 1016, 2222, 1134, 254, 987, 986, 984, 982, 980, 974, 908, 906, 878, 876, 873, 871, 866, 865, 864, 863, 861, 778; Yellow_fever (a severe viral infection which can cause damage to the liver, kidneys, heart, and entire gastrointestinal tract)—20, 142, 178, 232, 432, 734, 1187, 733, 779, 10000; Yellow_fly—996; Yerseni_pestis (aka Bubonic plague; spread primarily by fleas on rats)—5120, 5000, 1600, 512, 508, 504, 500, 496, 492, 338, 333, 210, 216, 160; Yersenia_pestis_1—337.6; and Zearalenone_HC—4978.71 247.88; Zygomycosis (also called mucormycosis; a serious fungal infection usually,associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus or immunosuppressive drugs)—942, 623, 73. The present invention can also in particular claimed embodiments exclude or negatively claim one or more aspects, e.g., to more particularly recite or exclude embodiments or elements that might occur in cited or other published art, as presented herein. Accordingly, the present invention can optionally exclude, not include, or not provide, one of more, or any combination of any element, feature, component or step disclosed herein. A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it can be understood. that various modifications may be made. For example, elements of one or more implementations may be combined, deleted, modified, or supplemented to form further implementations. As yet another example, the logic flows depicted in the figures do not require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results, In addition, other steps may be provided, or steps may be eliminated, from the described flows, and other components may be added to, or removed from, the described systems. Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
DEFINITIONS
LIST OF DISEASES, ABNORMAL CONDITIONS, DISORDERS OR OTHER MEDICAL CONDITIONS AND CORRESPONDING FREQUENCIES IN HERTZ (HZ) THAT IMPROVE ONE OR MORE PROPERTIES OR FUNCTIONS OF CELLS, TISSUES, PROTEINS, FATS, OR ORGANS IN VITRO, IN VIVO, OR IN SITU
POTENTIAL ASPECTS OR ELEMENTS OF THE CLAIMED INVENTION THAT CAN BE OPTIONALLY EXCLUDED OR NEGATIVELY CLAIMED