CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[1]This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/183,576 filed Feb. 18, 2000.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[2]1. Field of the Invention
[3]The present invention generally relates to catalysts for converting light hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) to products containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen (synthesis gas). More particularly, the invention relates to macroporous monolithic self-supported active catalyst structures and to non-poisoning catalyst support structures having a high surface-area-to-volume ratio.
[4]2. Description of Related Art
[5]The catalytic partial oxidation of light hydrocarbons, such as C1-C5hydrocarbons, to yield products containing a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen (“synthesis gas” or “syngas”) is currently an area of intense interest and investigation. Much of the work in this field has been described in the literature. One focal point of this research is on methane, the main component of natural gas, as a starting material for the production of higher hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon liquids in order to improve the economics of natural gas use. This is due to the fact that there is a great deal of natural gas available in many areas of the world, and the world's natural gas supply is predicted to outlast the world's oil reserves by a significant margin. Most of the world's natural gas supply is situated in areas that are geographically remote from population and industrial centers, however. The costs of compression, transportation, and storage make the commercial use of natural gas economically unattractive. At the present time, commercial production of synthesis gas by methane conversion primarily utilizes steam reforming processes, which result in a similar gas product mixture to that obtained by partial oxidation of methane. Conventional steam reforming processes are well described in the literature.
[6]In catalytic partial oxidation processes the gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock is mixed with air, oxygen-enriched air, or oxygen, and introduced to a catalyst at elevated temperature and pressure. The partial oxidation of methane yields a syngas mixture with a H2:CO ratio of 2:1, as shown in Equation 1.
[8]This product ratio is especially desirable for such downstream applications as the conversion of the syngas to methanol, or conversion to hydrocarbon products such as fuels boiling in the middle distillate range (e.g. kerosene and diesel fuel) and hydrocarbon waxes by processes such as the Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. The partial oxidation of methane is an exothermic reaction and proceeds at a faster rate than the older steam reforming processes for producing syngas. Shorter catalyst contact times and reduced scale reactors to accomplish partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon feedstock are some of the improvements made possible by a catalytic partial oxidation process.
[9]The selectivities of catalytic partial oxidation to the desired products, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, are controlled by several factors, but one of the most important of these factors is the choice of catalyst composition. Typically, the best catalyst compositions have included precious metals and/or rare earths. The large volumes of expensive catalysts needed by typical catalytic partial oxidation processes have placed these processes generally outside the limits of economic justification, however. For successful operation at commercial scale, the catalytic partial oxidation process must be able to achieve a high conversion of the methane feedstock at high gas hourly space velocities (GHSV), and the selectivity of the process to the desired products of carbon monoxide and hydrogen must be high. Such high conversion and selectivity must be achieved without detrimental effects to the catalyst, such as the formation of carbon deposits (“coke”) on the catalyst, which severely reduces catalyst performance. Accordingly, substantial effort has been devoted to the development of highly active catalysts allowing commercial performance without coke formation.
[10]A number of process regimes have been described in the literature for the production of syngas via catalyzed partial oxidation reactions. The noble metals, which typically serve as the best catalysts for the partial oxidation of methane, are scarce and expensive. The widely used, less expensive, nickel-based catalysts have the disadvantage of promoting coke formation on the catalyst during the reaction, which results in loss of catalytic activity. Moreover, in order to obtain acceptable levels of conversion of gaseous hydrocarbon feedstock to CO and H2it is typically necessary to operate the reactor at a relatively low flow rate, or gas hourly space velocity, using a large quantity of catalyst.
[11]U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,685 (assigned to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC) discloses certain steam reforming catalysts containing strong ceramic foams comprising at least 50% by weight, of oxides of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Va, Mo, W, Cr, Mn or Zn. EPO 303,438 (assigned to Davy McKee Corporation) describes certain syngas catalysts that provide surface area to volume ratio of 5 cm2/cm3to about 40 cm2/cm3. For example, high surface area alumina is deposited on a honeycomb monolith of cordierite material to serve as a support upon which finely dispersed catalytic metal components such as Pt and Pd are distended.
[12]U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,582 (assigned to Regents of the University of Minnesota) discloses a process for the catalytic partial oxidation of methane at space velocities of 800,000 to 12,000,000 hr−1on certain Rh, Ni and Pt catalysts supported by a ceramic monolith. The small catalyst bed used in this process is said to eliminate hot spots which are typical of relatively thick catalyst beds.
[13]Short contact time, reduced scale catalytic partial oxidation processes for producing syngas from methane require highly active catalysts and support structures that can function for a long period of time under the required high temperature and high pressure operating conditions. Most supported catalysts with good activity and high porosity tend to break down rapidly on-stream, however. Another problem that is encountered in many methane oxidation processes employing supported catalysts is that the porous support “poisons” the active catalyst. The poison is a component that is not present on the active catalyst overlayer and which affects catalyst performance in some way. In many cases, the poison interferes with the performance of the catalyst. Chemical interactions between the oxides of the group VIII transition metals and the reactive components of the support lead to the formation of catalytically inactive binary oxide phases. The catalytic phase purity is disrupted, or poisoned. For example, nickel forms nickel aluminate over an (α-aluminate support. Some catalyst structures employ diffusion barriers between the active catalyst and the support structure in an attempt to ameliorate this problem.
[14]Others have described processes pertaining to the sintering of chromium oxide, but the resulting sintered chromium oxide products are not suitable structures for use as syngas generation catalysts. For example, T. Li, et al. (1999 J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 19:399-405) discloses a method of sintering Cr2O3in H2/H2O gas mixtures. M. Li, et al. (1998 China's Refract. 7:11-13) describes a key technique of manufacture of dense chromium sesquioxide refractories. S. Hashimoto, et al. (1996 J. Ceram. Soc. 104:1121-1124) describes densely sintered, compacted MgO and Cr2O3powders. M. Yoshinaka, et al. (1995 J. Am. Ceram. Soc.78:2271-3) describe a hot isostatic pressed sol-gel derived chromium (III) oxide. A. Harabi, et al. (1995 Br. Ceram. Trans. 94:97-102) describe densification and grain growth in sintered alumina-chromia powder mixtures. Loss of chromia was substantial in compacts with more than 10 wt % chromia. U. Balachandran et al. (1995 Nanostruct. Mater. 5:505-12) describe the synthesis, sintering and magnetic properties of a nanophase Cr2O3composition. R. Waesche, et al. (1995 Ceram. Trans. 51:531-5) describe the sintering and characterization of certain gelcast alumina-chromia reaction bonded ceramics. T. Li, et al. (1995 Ceram. Trans. 51:231-5) describes a process for making reaction-bonded Cr2O3ceramics.
[15]What is needed are economical, yet highly active catalyst structures that permit short contact time and high flow rates on stream without causing excessive back pressure and without deteriorating under operational temperature and pressure conditions. Superior syngas catalysts, for example, need to possess macroporosity (to minimize back pressure), thermal heat resistance and mechanical strength for use at high volumetric flow rates. The catalyst should also be free of interfering chemical interactions with the support material.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[16]Conventional catalysts or catalyst support structures, particularly those employed for catalyzing the conversion of light hydrocarbons (such as methane) to synthesis gas, do not include free standing Cr oxide foams or reticulated ceramics. The active catalyst structures, catalyst supports and syngas production methods of the present invention are able to overcome some of the shortcomings of previous catalysts and syngas production processes by permitting short contact time of the reactant gases with the catalyst bed, and allowing high flow rates of reactant and product gases. Due to the favorable structure of the catalyst, or catalyst support, this is accomplished without causing excessive back pressure. The new catalysts and supports resist deterioration under operational temperature and pressure conditions better than typical catalysts in use today for syngas production. The preferred new catalysts comprise reticulated ceramic structures, preferably ceramic foams, and demonstrate excellent levels of conversion of methane and oxygen reactants and selectivities for CO and H2products by a predominantly, or net partial oxidation reaction.
[17]According to certain embodiments, the reticulated foam catalyst contains one or more metal oxides of chromium, cobalt, nickel, an alkaline earth, a rare earth, or another sinterable metal oxide that is active in any of various chemical oxidation reactions, preferably the catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas.
[18]In certain preferred embodiments of the catalysts of the present invention, chromium-containing macroporous three-dimensional structures, or monoliths are provided which are self-supporting chromium-containing catalysts made of reticulated ceramic materials or three-dimensional ceramic foams.
[19]Preferred methods of making the chromium oxide-containing catalysts include processing a chromium oxide powder in a reducing atmosphere to avoid production and evolution of volatile chromium compounds (e.g., CrO3) during heating.
[20]In some embodiments of the new catalysts, catalyst structures comprising a higher surface area active catalyst phase formed on top of a preformed reticulated ceramic foam are provided.
[21]In other embodiments of the new catalysts, less active or non-catalytically active monoliths comprising reticulated ceramic materials, or three-dimensional ceramic foams, containing one or more metal oxides of chromium, aluminum, zirconium, titanium, magnesium, cobalt, nickel and silicon are provided. These structures serve as non-poisoning supports for active or more active catalyst materials for various oxidations, including methane oxidation to synthesis gas. Another aspect of the present invention is a process or method of making the above-described catalysts and support structures.
[22]Yet another aspect of the invention comprises a process or method of converting a gaseous methane or other light hydrocarbon feedstock, together with an oxygen source and, optionally, nitrogen, catalyzed by one of the above-described catalysts, to yield a product containing a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen gases. Still other embodiments and advantages of the present invention will appear from the following description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[23]FIG. 1 is a graph showing the on-stream life over a test period of more than 24 hrs of a representative NiO,MnO,MgO foam catalyst bed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[24]Methods of making macroporous monolithic, self-supporting active catalyst structures and non-poisoning catalyst support structures having a high surface-area-to-volume ratio (preferably 0.1-250 m2/g measured by N2BET) are described in the following examples. As explained in more detail below, the active catalytic monoliths or non-poisoning supports are formed by calcining a salt solution of chromium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, molybdenum, tungsten, tin, rhenium, bismuth, indium or phosphorus, forming a solution or slurry of the calcined material and impregnating an organic pore-templating material. The impregnating solution or slurry may also include metal oxides chosen from the group consisting of an oxide of chromium, cobalt, nickel, alkaline earth, rare earth, or other sinterable metal oxide that is capable of catalyzing an oxidation reaction.
[25]Porous catalysts containing chromium oxide as a major component, in particular, have not been described previously. The inventors have discovered that processing of Cr2O3to make a chromium oxide reticulated foam requires a significant variation from conventional metal oxide foam forming methods. As some of the following comparative examples will show, processing in air will not form a self-sustaining structure. The new chromium oxide reticulated ceramic three-dimensional structures are processed in a reducing atmosphere to form a mechanically strong and catalytically useful structure. The new chromium-containing reticulated ceramic catalysts and non-poisoning supports, as well reticulated ceramic monoliths containing metal oxides other than chromium have been evaluated for their catalytic activity in syngas production processes.
[26]A non-poisoning ceramic foam support may have a similar or identical composition to that of a higher surface area, active catalyst layer supported on it. In such case, the support is non-poisoning because, since it has the same composition as the active phase, no additional elements or phases are introduced into the catalyst layer as a consequence of interdiffusion at calcination temperatures, or at the temperatures of the syngas or other millisecond contact time reactions. This non-poisonous feature also makes these reticulated ceramic three-dimensional structures useful as active catalysts and catalyst supports for applications other than syngas production.
[27]In the following examples, the metal components of the catalyst compositions are given in atomic ratios of the total metal content, unless otherwise indicated.
EXAMPLE 1
Cr2O3Foam
Comparative Example
[28]A Cr2O3ceramic foam was prepared using a Cr2O3powder which had been calcined in air. An aqueous solution of Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7(100 mL, 2.5603 M) was added to a 150 mL petri dish and rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen. The frozen solid was dried under vacuum for several days (approximately 7 days) to produce a freeze dried powder. The freeze dried material was heated in air at 350° C. for 5 hours and 525° C. for 1 hour prior to use. The resulting powder was then formed into a 3-D monolith structure by impregnating a polyurethane foam with an aqueous slurry or solution containing the powder (i.e., the active catalyst precursor). A technique such as that described by Brown and Green (J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1994. 77:1467-72) for the “polymer foam replication process” was used to prepare the slurry and to load the pore-templating material, such as polyurethane foam. During impregnation the foam pores were filled with slurry and any excess slurry was filtered off (similar to the foam loading technique described in example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,685.) The slurry may also include a dispersant, binder or wetting agent to facilitate loading. The loaded polyurethane foam was dried at about 110-120° C. and calcined at a low temperature (i.e., about 800° C.) in air to remove the polyurethane foam to yield a “green” reticulated ceramic. A final, higher temperature calcination (i.e., 1000-1600° C.) was applied to sinter the material and impart mechanical strength. As a result of its being prepared by calcination in an oxidizing atmosphere, however, the resulting foam was friable, crumbled upon handling, and proved to be completely mechanically unstable.
[29]A procedure identical to Example 1 was repeated, except that a temperature of 1,610° C., in air, was used to densify the material. The resulting material was also friable and crumbled upon handling.
EXAMPLE 2
Co0.2Cr0.8Ox Foam
Comparative Example
[30]A Co0.2Cr0.8Ox ceramic foam was prepared using a Co0.2Cr0.8Ox starting material powder, prepared as follows: Co(NO3)2.6 H2O (Aldrich) 167.60 g was dissolved in water. To that solution, 900 ml of 2.5603 M solution of Cr3(OH)2(CH3COO)7(Aldrich, 31810-8) was added. The final powder was heated at a rate of 5° C./min to 350° C., allowed to soak at 350° C. for 5 hours, and then heated to 525° C. (5° C./min), and allowed to soak at 525° C. for one hour in air. The resulting powder was then formed into a monolith by impregnating a polyurethane foam, as described in Example 1. Similar to the Cr2O3ceramic foam, this material was also completely unstable with respect to handling, as it was also friable and readily crumbled.
[31]In a similar study, an identical procedure as described in the foregoing paragraph was employed, except that the powder was milled prior to impregnating it into the polyurethane foam. Powder was hand ground to a particle size, d50=14.7 micrometers in diameter (i.e., 50 volume % of the powder is <14.7 micrometers in diameter), and ball milled in the aqueous slurry to approximately d50=2.3 micrometers, with 14 volume % <1 micrometer. All particle size measurements in this and subsequent examples were performed using laser scattering on a Horiba LA900 Particle Size analyzer. The final foam material was heated at 1650° C., for 2 hours in air. Similar to the Cr2O3ceramic foam, this material was also completely unstable with respect to handling, as it was also friable and readily crumbled.
[32]In another study like that described above, the powder was ball milled for an additional 24 hours to produce a particle size of d50=1.0 micrometers, with 48 volume % below 1 micrometer in diameter. The final foam material was heated at 1650° C., for 2 hours in air. Similar to the Cr2O3ceramic foam, this material was also completely unstable with respect to handling. It was friable and readily crumbled.
EXAMPLE 3
0.2% Ni0.2Cr0.8/Cordierite Ceramic Foam
Comparative Example
[33]A Ni0.2Cr0.8/Cordierite ceramic foam approximately 0.2 wt % (as the oxides of nickel and cobalt) was prepared as follows: 1.0120 g of a mixed solution containing 1:4 molar ratio, Ni:Cr (prepared by mixing 7.1043 ml of 0.033782 M (Cr3(OH)2(CH3COO)7(Aldrich, 31,810-8) with 0.0561 ml of 1.068 M Ni(NO3)2molarity determined by ICP analysis)) was added to corderite honeycomb, 600 cpi, 12 mm OD×10 mm H. The entire honeycomb was rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and evacuated for several days and calcined in air according to the following schedule: 5° C./min to 350° C., soak 350° C. 5 hours, 5° C./min to 525° C., soak 525° C. 1 hour, 10° C./min to room temperature.
EXAMPLE 4
2% Co0.2Cr0.8in Corderite Honeycomb
Comparative Example
[34]An approximately 2 wt % Co0.2Cr0.8in Corderite Honeycomb, 400 cpi, 10 mm×12 mm O.D. was prepared as follows: A mixed solution containing 2.9337 g Co(NO3)2.6 H2O (Alfa 11341) dissolved in 15.74 ml of 2.56 M aqueous chromium solution, prepared using Cr3(OH)2(CH3COO)7(Aldrich, 31810-8). A corderite honeycomb (400 cpi) was loaded with this solution, frozen with liquid nitrogen, and evacuated (freeze dried) for several days. The monolith was then calcined in air according to the following schedule: 5° C./min to 350° C., soak 350° C. 5 hours, 5° C./min to 525° C., soak 525° C. 1 hour, 10° C./min to room temperature. The weight of the oxides remaining on the monolith constituted about 2 wt % of the total weight.
EXAMPLE 5
Cr2O3Ceramic Foam
[35]The identical Cr2O3powder, as described in Example 1 was used. However, in contrast to the composition of Example 1, densification of the Cr2O3was achieved in this Example by calcination of the foam in a non-oxidizing, inert or reducing atmosphere. An aqueous solution of Cr3(OH)2(CH3CO2)7(100 mL, 2.5603 M) was added to a 150 mL petri dish and rapidly frozen with liquid nitrogen. The frozen solid was dried under vacuum for several days (approximately 7 days) to produce a freeze dried powder. The freeze dried material was heated in air at 350° C. for 5 hours and 525° C. for 1 hour prior to use. The resulting powder was then formed into a 3-D monolith structure by impregnating a polyurethane foam with an aqueous slurry or solution containing the powder (i.e., the active catalyst precursor). A technique such as that described by Brown and Green (J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1994. 77:1467-72) for the “polymer foam replication process” was used to prepare the slurry and to load the pore-templating material, such as polyurethane foam. During impregnation the foam pores were filled with slurry and any excess slurry was filtered off (similar to the foam loading technique described in example 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,685, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference.) The loaded polyurethane foam was dried at about 110-120° C. and calcined at a low temperature (i.e., about 800° C.) in air to remove the polyurethane foam to yield a “green” reticulated ceramic.
[36]A final, higher temperature heating step in a covered crucible, filled with carbon powder to impart a reducing atmosphere, at 1500-1600° C. for 2 hours was applied to sinter and densify the material and impart mechanical strength. The material, at this point, was not friable, and did not readily crumble upon handling. It possessed sufficient mechanical strength to be used in the millisecond contact time reactor. Processing in this matter to form a Cr2O3foam structure constitutes a significant departure from conventional methods of making ceramic foams. The pure Cr2O3foam was tested (as a two-piece stack) in a reduced scale syngas production reactor, as described in the section entitled “Test Procedure.” No light-off was observed for the Cr2O3foam.
[37]The resulting reticulated ceramic foam demonstrated the required macroporosity to minimize back pressure while having sufficient tortuosity, thermal heat resistance and mechanical strength for use at high volummetric flow rates. As shown in the following examples, this chromium oxide foam serves as an excellent, non-poisoning support for more active catalyst compositions. Some preparations of the pure chromium oxide reticulated ceramics possess N2BET surface areas less than 1 m2/g (i.e., the material is extremely macro (but not micro or meso) porous.) The preferred catalyst particle surface area ranges from 0.1 to 250 m2/g.
[38]Although a covered crucible filled with carbon powder to impart a reducing atmosphere during the higher temperature heating step is described in the present example, any method that prevents the oxidation of the chromium oxide foam during the high temperature final densification step can be used to produce an acceptable reticulated ceramic structure. Such methods include heating in a reducing atmosphere such as flowing hydrogen, in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere.
EXAMPLE 6
Ni0.2Cr0.8on Preformed Co0.2Cr0.8Ox foam
[39]Ni0.2Cr0.8(1:4, Ni:Cr molar ratio) powder supported on the cobalt/chromium oxide reticulated ceramic foam from Example 18, below, was prepared. A 1:4 molar ratio solution of Ni:Cr prepared by mixing 7.1043 ml of 0.033782 M (Cr3(OH)2(CH3COO)7(Aldrich, 31,810-8) with 0.0561 ml of 1.068 M Ni(NO3)2(molarity determined by ICP analysis)) was diluted by a factor of 10 (2 ml was diluted with water to 20 ml). 0.5366 g of this solution was added to a 12 mm diameter×10 mm H, 80 ppi Co0.2Cr0.8Ox ceramic foam, whose preparation is described below in Example 18. The liquid-loaded foam was frozen with liquid nitrogen and evacuated for several days while frozen. The final material was calcined in air according to the following schedule: 5° C./min to 350° C., soak 350° C. 5 hours, 5° C./min to 525° C., soak 525° C. 1 hour, 10° C./min to room temperature. The foam was tested in a reduced scale syngas production reactor, as described in the section entitled “Test Procedure.” The test results are shown in Table 1. This reticulated ceramic foam demonstrated sufficient macroporosity to minimize back pressure while having sufficient tortuosity, thermal heat resistance and mechanical strength for use at high volummetric flow rates.
EXAMPLE 7
Ni0.2Cr0.8on Cr2O3Foam
Full Impregnation
[40]Ni0.2Cr0.8on Cr2O3foam using the Cr2O3foam described in Example 5. 10 ml of 1.6575 M of chromium hydroxide acetate (Cr3(OH)2(CH3COO)7, (Aldrich, 31,810-8), was mixed with 3.88 ml of 1.068 M Ni(NO3)2solution (molarity checked by ICP analysis). This solution was diluted by a factor of six, so that final molarity of Cr is 0.1990 M, and of Ni is 0.04976 M. At that point, 0.8789 g of a chromium oxide reticulated ceramic foam (80 ppi) was used. 0.5930 g of the solution was added to the ceramic foam, to fill the macropores (fall impregnation). The liquid was allowed to evaporate, and the ceramic piece was then calcined according to the following schedule, in air: 5° C./min to 350° C., soak 350° C. 5 hours, 5° C./min to 525° C., soak 525° C. 1 hour, 10° C./min to room temperature. The final loading of metal oxides was approximately 1.26 wt % (Ni0.2Cr0.8oxide, assuming Ni2+ and Co2+). The foam was tested (as a two-piece stack) in a reduced scale syngas production reactor, as described in the section entitled “Test Procedure.” The test results are shown in Table 1.
EXAMPLE 8
Ni0.2Cr0.8on Cr2O3Foam
Cylindrically Impregnated
[41]Ni0.2Cr0.8on Cr2O3foam was prepared using the same solutions as described in the previous example, and a similar procedure. In this case, however, the outside of the cylindrical ceramic piece was wetted with the solution, but not the center. 0.2014 g of the solution was added to the monolith in this manner. Further processing (i.e., drying, calcination) was identical to that described in the previous example. The final loading of metal oxides is approximately 0.44 wt % (Ni0.2Cr0.8oxide, assuming Ni2+ and Co2+).
[42]Cr-containing ceramic foams prepared according to the foregoing examples were tested as described in the section entitled “Test Procedure.” The results obtained upon testing these composition in a reduced scale syngas production reactor are shown in Table 1.
[43] |
| (Example 4) | | |
| Co0.2Cr0.8/Honeycomb | Light-off, | Shortly after switch to methane the reactor crashed on over |
| 290° C. | temp |
| 400 cpi, 12 mm O.D. × 10 mm |
| H |
| Prep. by freeze dry |
| (Example 18) | | | | | | | | |
| Cr/Co foam | light-off, 640° C. | 46 | 100 | 78 | 62 | 1.60 | 22 | 2 |
| 2.5 NLPM, |
| 5 psig |
| 12 mm OD × 10 mm H | Air feed |
| 1117° C. cat. |
| (Example 6) |
| 0.1% Ni0.2Cr0.8/Cr foam | O2feed | 70 | 100 | 93 | 88 | 1.9 | 7 | 3.5 |
| light-off, 510° C. |
| 80 ppi, used foam | 2.5 NLPM, |
| 5 psig |
| 12 mm OD × 10 mm H | 515° C. PH |
| Freeze dry prep | 1161° C. catal |
| (Example 3) |
| 0.2% Ni0.2Cr0.8/Cordierite | | propane light-off at 750° C., Did not stay ignited at CH4 |
| | switch |
| 600 cpi honeycomb | | restart produced the same result |
| 12 mm OD × 10 mm H | Freeze dried |
| (Example 1) |
| Cr2O3foam, 80 ppi | | No light-off observed |
| 2 pieces, 10 mm OD × 8 mm |
| H each |
| (top) 0.44% (NiCrO1.5)/ | O2feed | Light off occurred at 420° C., first attempt failed at CH4switch. |
| Cr2O3 | 2.5 NLPM |
| (side impregnated) | 5 psig |
| (bottom) 1.26% (Ni0.2Cr0.8)/ | 508° C. PH | Very little conversion detected (trace amounts of CO2, H2, H2O) |
| Cr2O3 | 782° C. catal |
| (full impregnation) |
|
EXAMPLE 9
13% Ni/MgO Foam
[44]A NiO—MgO foam (80 ppi) 10 mm×12 mm OD was prepared from the corresponding powder. Ni(NO3)2.6H2O (19.325 g) was dissolved in distilled water (50 mL) to give wet impregnation when mixed with calcined (600° C. for 3 hours) MgO (26.1 g). The slurry was mixed with a spatula, and dried at 110° C., followed by calcining at 800° C. for 2 hours. A portion of the calcined material (15 g) was reduced in flowing hydrogen (about 100 cc/minute) for 4 hours at 800° C. The resulting hydrogen-reduced material was sized to 20-30 mesh (0.84-0.59 mm average diameter) powder. The powder was made into an aqueous solution or slurry and then formed into a monolith by impregnating a polyurethane foam, as described in Example 1. The resulting monoliths were tested in a reduced scale syngas production reactor as described in the section entitled “Test Procedure.” The results are shown in Table 2. In Table 2 the percent conversion of CH4and O2reactant gases, the product selectivity of CO and H2, the ratio of the product gases and the operating conditions are given for both one piece (10 mm) and two piece (20 mm) beds of NiO—MgO foams.
[45] |
| NiO—MgO Reticulated Ceramic Foam Fired at 1000° C. |
| Temp | | % CH4/O2 | % CO/H2 | H2:CO |
| Catalyst | (° C.) | SLMP | Conv. | Sel. | Ratio |
|
| NiO-MgO foam | 771 | 2.5 | 84/100 | 96/95 | 1.98 |
| (10 mm × 12 mm) |
| 1 piece | 884 | 7.5 | 89/100 | 98/95 | 1.94 |
| NiO-MgO foam | 693 | 2.5 | 86/100 | 96/95 | 1.98 |
| (10 mm × 12 mm) |
| 2 pieces | 836 | 7.5 | 91/100 | 98/97 | 1.98 |
|
| Feed: 60% CH4, 30% O2, 10% N2 |
EXAMPLE 10
3%MN/13%Ni/MgO Reticulated Ceramic Foam
[46]The preparation of the Mn(O)—Ni(O)/MgO powder catalyst was similar to that of Example 9 except that Mn(NO3)2.6H2O (4.702 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The powder catalyst was then prepared by impregnating calcined MgO (Aldrich) with the aqueous solution of Ni nitrate and Mn nitrate followed by drying and calcining, as previously described.
[47]The resulting powder was then formed into a 3-D monolith structure by impregnating a polyurethane foam with a slurry or solution containing the powder, as previously described in Examples 1 and 9, and fired at 1000° C. The final foam monolith, or bulk 3-dimensional form, contained about 80 pores per inch (ppi). The concentration of the nickel nitrate and manganese nitrate solution was such that the final NiO—MnO—MgO foam pieces (12 mm OD×10 mm H) contained 13%Ni, 3%Mn/MgO powder catalyst. Table 3 gives the ICP (inductively coupled plasma) compositional analysis for elemental composition for this foam. FIG. 1 shows CH4conversion, CO/H2selectivity, and catalyst temperature with run time (two 10 mm high monoliths were stacked to form a 20 mm high bed). It can be seen that CH4conversion was constant at 90% and syngas selectivity was constant at 95+%. The bed temperature remained constant below 800° C. for at least 25 hours run time. By contrast, under the same test conditions a honeycomb catalyst of Ni(O), Mn(O),Mg(O) on cordierite (Johnson Matthey EP-5170) consisting of two stacked pieces 12 mm OD×10 mm H ran fairly consistently at 90% CH4conversion and more than 95% syngas selectivity to about 25 hrs run time. At that point, the bed temperature rose from 850° C. to 1000° C. over the next 10 hours, and the conversion and H2selectivity declined slightly. This deterioration appears to be attributable to the support effect of the cordierite. (data not shown)
[48] |
| Ni | 11.2 | |
| Mn | 2.83 |
| Mg | 47.1 |
| Ca | 0.74 |
| Si | 0.31 |
| Na | 0.18 |
| Ti | 815 | ppm |
| Fe | 700 | ppm |
| |
EXAMPLE 11
3% Mo/13% Ni/MgO
[49]The preparation of the monolithic catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that (NH4)2MoO4(1.8386 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
EXAMPLE 12
3% W/13% Ni/MgO
[50]The preparation of the catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that (NH4)2WO4(1.3900 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
EXAMPLE 13
3% Sn/13% Ni/MgO
[51]The preparation of the catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that SnSO4(1.6281g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
EXAMPLE 14
3% Re/13% Ni/MgO
[52]The preparation of the catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that NH4ReO4(1.2965 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
EXAMPLE 15
3% Bi/13% Ni/MgO
[53]The preparation of the catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that Bi(NO3)3.5H2O (2.089 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
EXAMPLE 16
3% In/13% Ni/MgO
[54]The preparation of the catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that In(NO3)3.5H2O (3.0641 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
EXAMPLE 17
3% P/13% Ni/MgO
[55]The preparation of the catalyst powder was similar to that of Example 9 except that NH4H2PO4(3.3424 g) was also dissolved in the nickel solution before impregnation of the MgO (25.2 g). The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 9.
[56]The ceramic foam compositions containing various promoter metals, Ni and MgO, prepared as described in Examples 11-17, are expected to provide similar syngas selectivity and CH4conversion levels to that of the 3%Mn/13% Ni/MgO reticulated ceramic foam of Example 10, as the corresponding powder catalysts (data not shown) demonstrated similar activities to that of the Mn(O)—Ni(O)/MgO powder catalyst which was employed in making the foam catalyst of Example 10.
EXAMPLE 18
Co—Cr Oxide Reticulated Foam
[57]Co—Cr oxide foam was prepared using Co0.2Cr0.8Ox powder catalyst like that described in Example 2. The powder Co0.2Cr0.8Ox catalyst was prepared by freezing an aqueous solution of the corresponding metal salts with liquid nitrogen, drying the frozen solution in a freeze drier, and calcining, as described in Example 2. The reticulated foam monolith was prepared as described in Example 2, except in the case of this chromium oxide system, a reducing atmosphere was maintained during the densification or sintering step in order to prevent the formation of volatile CrO3, as described for Example 5. The powder was ball milled to a particle size range (d50 of about 2 micrometers). The final material was densified by heat at 1600° C., for 2 hours, in a covered crucible containing carbon powder to provide a reducing/non-oxidizing atmosphere. Table 4 shows the extent of CH4and O2conversion and product CO and H2selectivities for this Co—Cr foam.
EXAMPLE 19
15% (Ni, Mn/MgO)/NiMgO Washcoated Reticulated Foam
[58]A NiO—MgO foam fired at 1600° C. was washcoated with 13% Ni, 3% Mn/MgO powder. In washcoating, the powder catalyst was first ground to less than 325 mesh and sufficient water was added to form a slurry. The preformed NiO—MgO foam was then dipped into the slurry and saturated for 5 minutes. The foam was removed from the slurry and dried at about 110° C. for 2 hrs, but not calcined. The elemental composition of this foam was similar to that given in Example 10. Test results are shown in Table 4.
[59]When a representative Ni(O)—Mn(O)—MgO reticulated ceramic monolith (fired at 1000° C.) was tested (two pieces each 12 mm OD×10 mm H), performance and catalyst run temperature were steady over the 24 hr period, as shown in FIG. 1. The system pressure was approximately 8 psig. The bed temperature was approximately 820° C. Results were steady at approximately 90% CH4conversion, 98% CO selectivity and 97% H2selectivity. These data show that the active catalyst composition can serve as the reticulated foam support. Samples of NiO—MnO—MgO reticulated foam made at 1600° C. (the second, higher temperature calcination) were tested after being calcined, and very little conversion to CO and H2was detected in each case. The foam made at 1200° C. also gave little conversion when tested.
EXAMPLE 20
6%(Ni, Cr)/NiMgO Washcoated Reticulated Foam
[60]A NiO—MgO foam fired at 1600° C. was washcoated with 6 wt % Ni0.2Cr0.8Ox freeze dried powder, prepared as previously described in a reducing atmosphere. In washcoating, the powder catalyst was first ground to less than 325 mesh and sufficient water was added to form a slurry. The preformed NiO—MgO foam was then dipped into the slurry and saturated for 5 minutes. The foam was removed from the slurry and dried at about 110° C. for 2 hrs, but not calcined. Test results are shown in Table 4.
EXAMPLE 21
Ni,Cr/Co—Cr Oxide Washcoated Reticulated Foam
[61]The Co—Cr oxide reticulated foam was prepared as described in Example 18. The foam was coated with Ni0.2Cr0.8Ox by the wash coating technique described in Example 20. The foam was sintered or densified in a reducing atmosphere, as described in Example 18. After coating with the Ni0.2Cr0.8oxide precursor, it was heated at low temperatures to decompose the precursors on the pre-formed foam. Test results are shown in Table 4.
[63]Representative catalysts prepared as described in the foregoing Examples were tested in a reduced scale millisecond contact time reactor for their ability to convert a reactant gas mixture of CH4, O2, N2to synthesis gas. A 25 cm long quartz tube reactor was equipped with a co-axial, quartz thermocouple well, resulting in a 12.5 mm i.d. reactor. The void space within the reactor was packed with quartz chips. The catalyst bed, of compatible diameter (i.e., 12 mm OD), was positioned with quartz wool at approximately mid-length in the reactor. The foam monoliths were generally 8-10 mm in length, although in some cases two such pieces were stacked to provide a total catalyst bed length of 20 mm. A three point, K type, thermocouple was used with the catalyst's “hot spot”, read-out temperature reported as the run temperature. The catalyst bed was heated with a 4 inch (10.2 cm), 600 W band furnace at 90% electrical output. Mass flow controllers and meters regulated the feed composition and flow rate. Prior to start-up, the flows were checked manually with a bubble meter and then the feed composition was reconfirmed by gas chromatographic analysis. The flow rates of all the meters were safety interlocked and their measurements were checked electronically by the mass flow meters every second. All runs were performed at a CH4:O2feed ratio of 2:1, safely outside of the flammable region. The feed contained (in volume percent) 30% CH4, 15% O2and 55% N2or 60% CH4, 30% O2and 10% N2. Experiments were conducted at 5 psig (136 kPa) or more, and a total flow rate of up to about 7.5 SLPM. The reactor effluent was analyzed by a gas chromatograph (g.c.) equipped with a thermal conductivity detector. The feed components (i.e., CH4, O2, N2) and potential products (i.e., CO, H2, CO2, and H2O) were all well resolved and reliably quantified by two chromatography columns in series consisting of 5A molecular sieve and Haysep T. Mass balances of C, H, and O all closed at 98-102%. Runs were conducted over two operating days, each with 6 hours of steady state, run time. The results of tests obtained with the representative 3-D catalyst structures in the reduced scale reactor runs are indicative of their applicability, when increased to industrial-scale dimensions, for commercial syngas production processes.
[64]GHSV is gas hourly space velocity, i.e., liters of gas (measured at atmospheric pressure and 23° C.) fed per hour per liter of catalyst. The GHSV is generally calculated as follows:
[66]where Ftotis the total reactant volumetric flowrate at standard conditions in cm3/sec, and Vcatis the volume of the catalyst reaction zone in cm3. For example, the volume of the catalyst reaction zone is simply the volume of the cylinder (e.g., 12 mm in diameter×10 mm in length, or 1.2 cm3). Thus, at a flowrate of 7.5 standard liters per minute (SLPM) (7,500 cm3/min), the GHSV is calculated as follows:
[67]GHSV(hr−1)=(7,500 cm3/min)/(1.2 cm3)×(60 min/hr)=549,000 hr−1.
[68]At GHSVs of 100,000 hr−1or more the residence or contact time of the reactant gas mixture on the catalyst is very short (i.e., preferably less than about 10 milliseconds).
[69]Expressed in terms of volume of gas per weight of catalyst (NL/kg/hr.), for monolith supported catalysts having densities ranging from about 0.5 kg/l to about 2.0 kg/l, a GHSV of about 10,000 to 200,000,000 hr−1 corresponds to about 20,000 to 100,000,000 normal liters of gas per kilogram of catalyst per hour (NL/kg/h).
[70]From the results of testing the above-described compositions, it was determined by the inventors that the new reticulated ceramic monoliths have sufficient macroporosity to minimize back pressure when used on-stream, and possess better tortuosity and thermal heat resistance characteristics than conventional oxidation catalysts. These new structures also possess good mechanical strength for use at high volumetric flow rates on stream in such applications as reduced scale, high flow rate syngas production reactors, for extended periods of time. The comparative performance of representative reticulated foams, which were prepared according to some of the foregoing examples, are shown in Table 4. For the chromium oxide based foam materials, using a Co0.2Cr0.8oxide reticulated ceramic as a base material (Example 6 in Table 1, and the first entry in Table 4) appears to be superior to using the pure Cr2O3foam base (last two entries in Table 1) when Ni0.2Cr0.8oxides are supported on it. In Table 4, the Ni0.2Cr0.8Ox/Co0.2Cr0.8Ox foam is superior in performance to the performance of the pure Co0.2Cr0.8Ox foam (comparing the first and second rows of Table 4). Importantly, the sample prepared according to comparative Example 4 (Co0.2Cr0.8on cordierite honeycomb; Table 1 and Table 5) shows that not all 3-D supports are useful. In that case no activity was observed, as the system crashed on overtemp.
[71] |
| Performance of Reticulated Foamsa |
| Temp | | % CH2/O2 | % CO/H2 | H2:CO |
| Catalyst | (° C.) | SLMP | Conv. | Sel. | Ratio |
|
| Co—Cr foamb | 1117 | 2.5 | 46/100 | 78/62 | 1.60 |
| 0.1% Ni0.2Cr0.8/ | 1161 | 2.5 | 70/100 | 93/88 | 1.89 |
| Co—Cr foamd |
| Mn/Ni/MgO foamc |
| 15% (Ni, Mn, MgO)/ | 791 | 2.5 | 84/100 | 96/95 | 1.98 |
| NiMgO foamd | 875 | 5.0 | 89/100 | 98/97 | 1.98 |
| 910 | 7.5 | 87/99 | 98/95 | 1.94 |
| 6% Ni0.2Cr0.8NiMgO | 814 | 2.5 | 84/100 | 96/95 | 1.98 |
| foamd | 926 | 5.0 | 88/100 | 97/95 | 1.96 |
| 1011 | 7.5 | 88/100 | 97/96 | 1.98 |
|
| aFeed: 60% CH4, 30% O2, 10% N2 |
| bFeed: 30% CH4, 15% O2, 55% N2 |
| cOnly trace products detected |
| dWashcoated foam |
[72]The Co0.2Cr0.8freeze-dried oxide as a reticulated foam gave 46% CH4conversion with 78% CO and 62% H2selectivities. The addition of a 0.1 wt % loading of Ni0.2Cr0.8Ox onto a reticulated foam comprised of Co0.2Cr0.8freeze-dried oxide improved the results to 70% CH4conversion, 93% CO selectivity and 88% H2selectivity. The Ni(O), Mn(O), MgO material as a reticulated foam, gave CH4conversions approaching 90% and syngas selectivities in the upper 90s (as shown in FIG. 1). Results improved significantly on adding a 15 wt % wash coating of Ni(O), Mn(O), MgO onto the corresponding NiMgO reticulated foam (fired at 1600° C.), as shown in Table 4, compared to a bare NiO—MnO—MgO foam made at 1600° C., which gave very little conversion to CO and H2(see the discussion in Example 19). The wash coating of 6 wt % Ni0.2Cr0.8onto the reticulated foam of Ni(O) MgO (fired at 1600° C.) gave up to 88% CH4conversion, 97% CO selectivity, and 96% H2selectivity. In general, as the total flow increased from 2.5 to 7.5 SLPM, the temperature increased along with performance.
[73]The NiO—MnO—MgO foams fired at 1600° C., while themselves serving as poor catalysts for converting CH4to CO and H2, proved to be very good supports for the wash coated active catalyst materials, thereby yielding very active supported catalysts. These higher temperature treated ceramic foams are expected to tolerate higher on-stream temperatures and pressures than the corresponding NiO—MnO—MgO foams sintered at lower temperatures (e.g., 1000° C. and below), as well as many other conventional three-dimensional catalyst compositions.
[74]The most preferred reticulated ceramic structures, prepared by impregnating organic polymer foams as described above, and/or by loading such non-poisoning reticulated supports with catalytically active material demonstrated superior conversion levels and selectivities (for syngas products) when compared to catalysts loaded on various commercially-available supports, as shown in Table 5.
[75] |
| Comparative Performance of Other 3-D Catalystsa |
| Temp | | % CH4/O2 | % CO/H2 | H2:CO |
| Catalyst | (° C.) | SLMP | Conv. | Sel. | Ratio |
|
| 6.5% Ni02Cr0.8Ox/ | 1178 | 2.5 | 51/87 | 90/84 | 1.87 |
| honeycomb |
| 9% Co0.2Cr0.8Ox/ |
| honeycombb |
| 12% Co0.2Cr0.8Ox/ | 800 | 2.5 | 83/100 | 96/96 | 2.00 |
| PSZ |
| 9% MgCo2O4/PSZ | 913 | 2.5 | 80/100 | 96/92 | 1.92 |
| 12% CoAl2O4/PSZ | 814 | 2.5 | 82/99 | 96/93 | 1.94 |
| 13% (Ni, Mn, MgO)/ | 917 | 2.5 | 83/100 | 97/95 | 1.96 |
| PSZ |
| 14% (Ni, Mn, MgO)/ | 806 | 2.5 | 83/100 | 96/94 | 1.96 |
| honeycombc | 973 | 5.0 | 84/99 | 97/92 | 1.90 |
| Ni ExMet Gauze | 1065 | 2.5 | 78/100 | 95/71 | 1.92 |
|
| PSZ = partially stabilized zirconia |
| aFeed: 60% CH4, 30% O2, 10% N2 |
| bSystem crashed on overtemp. |
| cHoneycomb coated with 4% MgO |
[76]To achieve better thermal balance and to prevent uncontrolled exotherms, mixed catalytic beds containing two or more reticulated ceramic monoliths (of different catalyst concentration or composition), prepared as described in the Examples, may be employed to obtain longer, graded composition catalyst beds. In arranging the monoliths which constitute the catalyst bed, a monolithic composition leading to a more exothermic process (e.g., CO2and H2O formation) is placed nearest the reactant gas entry point, and is followed by a monolith containing an endothermic reforming catalyst. For example, more strongly oxidizing, catalytic three-dimensional forms are positioned on top of the bed, followed by three-dimensional forms that catalyze reforming.
[77]Although the preferred method of preparing the metal oxide powders for use in making the new reticulated foam catalysts includes freeze drying the metal salt solutions, satisfactory catalyst powders may also be made by any of various other techniques that have been customarily used to prepare catalyst powders and have been described in the literature. For example, xerogel or aerogel formation, spray drying or spray roasting techniques. In any case, however, it is important that when the monolith-forming material includes chromium oxide, reducing conditions are required for the densification or sintering steps of preparing the ceramic foam. Preferably the reticulated foam catalysts have about 65-80 pores per inch.
[78]The new reticulated ceramics, as exemplified above, in the form of three-dimensional monoliths have sufficient macroporosity to minimize back pressure when used on-stream, and possess better tortuosity and thermal heat resistance characteristics than conventional oxidation catalysts with non-3-dimensional forms. The new structures also possess good mechanical strength for use at high volumetric flow rates on stream in such applications as reduced scale, high space velocity syngas production reactors.
[79]Process of Producing Syngas
[80]A feed stream comprising a light hydrocarbon feedstock, such as methane, and an oxygen-containing gas is contacted with a reticulated foam catalyst prepared as described in one of the foregoing Examples. Alternatively, an active catalyst material supported by a non-poisoning reticulated foam, prepared as described in one of the foregoing examples, is used. Preferably a millisecond contact time reactor is employed, equipped for either axial or radial flow of reactant and product gases. Several schemes for carrying out catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of hydrocarbons in a short contact time reactor have been described in the literature. For example, L. D. Schmidt and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota describe a millisecond contact time reactor in U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,582 and in J. Catalysis 138, 267-282 (1992) for use in the production of synthesis gas by direct oxidation of methane over a catalyst such as platinum or rhodium. A general description of major considerations involved in operating a reactor using millisecond contact times is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,654,491. The disclosures of the above-mentioned references are incorporated herein by reference.
[81]The hydrocarbon feedstock may be any gaseous hydrocarbon having a low boiling point, such as methane, natural gas, associated gas, or other sources of light hydrocarbons having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The hydrocarbon feedstock may be a gas arising from naturally occurring reserves of methane which contain carbon dioxide. Preferably, the feed comprises at least 50% by volume methane, more preferably at least 75% by volume, and most preferably at least 80% by volume methane.
[82]The hydrocarbon feedstock is in the gaseous phase when contacting the catalyst. The hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with the catalyst as a mixture with an oxygen-containing gas, preferably pure oxygen. The oxygen-containing gas may also comprise steam and/or CO2in addition to oxygen. Alternatively, the hydrocarbon feedstock is contacted with the catalyst as a mixture with a gas comprising steam and/or CO2. It is preferred that the methane-containing feed and the oxygen-containing gas are mixed in such amounts to give a carbon (i.e., carbon in methane) to oxygen (i.e., oxygen) ratio from about 1.25:1 to about 3.3:1, more preferably, from about 1.3:1 to about 2.2:1, and most preferably from about 1.5:1 to about 2.2:1, especially the stoichiometric ratio of 2:1. The process is operated at atmospheric or superatmospheric pressures, the latter being preferred. The pressures may be from about 100 kPa to about 12,500 kPa, preferably from about 130 kPa to about 10,000 kPa. The process is preferably operated at temperatures of from about 600° C. to about 1200° C., preferably from about 700° C. to about 1100° C. The hydrocarbon feedstock and the oxygen-containing gas are preferably pre-heated before contact with the catalyst. The hydrocarbon feedstock and the oxygen-containing gas are passed over the catalyst at any of a variety of space velocities. Gas hourly space velocities (GHSV) for the process, stated as normal liters of gas per kilogram of catalyst per hour, are from about 20,000 to about 100,000,000 NL/kg/h, preferably from about 50,000 to about 50,000,000 NL/kg/h. Preferably the catalyst is employed in a millisecond contact time reactor for syngas production. The process preferably includes maintaining a catalyst residence time of no more than 10 milliseconds for the reactant gas mixture. Residence time is the inverse of the space velocity, and high space velocity equates to low residence time on the catalyst. The product gas mixture emerging from the reactor is harvested and may be sampled for analysis of products, including CH4, O2, CO, H2and CO2. And, if desired, may be routed directly into a variety of applications. One such application is for producing higher molecular weight hydrocarbon components using Fisher-Tropsch technology.
[83]While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, modifications thereof can be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and teachings of the invention. The embodiments described herein are exemplary only, and are not intended to be limiting. For example, pure methane was employed in the representative test procedures, however, any light hydrocarbon (i.e., C1-C5) gaseous feedstock could also serve as a feedstock for the net partial oxidation reaction catalyzed by the new reticulated foam catalysts. Also, the reticulated ceramic materials described herein may also have activity in various chemical oxidations other than methane oxidation to synthesis gas.
[84]Any variations and modifications of the invention disclosed herein are possible and are within the scope of the invention. For example, the foam structure described by the inventors is only one of the workable monolithic configurations which the reticulated catalysts and non-poisoning supports may assume, and which will provide the requisite porosity and mechanical strength to the bed. Accordingly, the scope of protection is not limited by the description set out above, but is only limited by the claims which follow, that scope including all equivalents of the subject matter of the claims. The disclosures of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/183,576 and all patents and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference.
