[1]0 373939080 Utiited States Patetit Office Patented July 16, 1968 3,393,080 MICROCRYSTALLINE COLLOIDAL COLLAGEN DISPERSIONS IN DISPERSING MEDIA CONTAINING DIMETHYL SULFOXIDE AND WATER-MISCIBLE ORGANIC SOLVENTS Nicholas Z. Erdi, New York, N.Y., Charles F. Ferraro@ Trenton, N.L, and Orlando A. Battista, Yardley, Pa., assignors to FMC Corporation, New York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Oct. 20, 1965, Ser. No. 499,077 9 Claims. (Cl. 106-161) ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Stable colloidal disrersions of water-insoluble microcrystalline collagen in dispersing media consist-ing of (a) dimethyl sulfoxide, .(b) mixtures of water and dimethyl sul-foxide, (c) dimetbyl sulfoxide-free mixtu-res of water 20 and up to 65% by weight of a water-miscible organic solvent or (d) mixtures of water, dimethyl sulfoxide and up to 75% of at least one other water-miscible organic solvent. The oolloidal dispersions are formed by treating collagen with a dilute acid and attriting until at least 2,5 10% by weight of the collagen has been reduced to a colloidal submicron size and dispersing such attrited material in a dispersing media or alternatively the coll-agen may be -treated with the dispersing media containing the acid and attriting in the presence of the dispersing media. 30 This invention relates to colloidal dispersion of microcryst alline -water-insoluble collagen in mixtures of wate@r 35 and water-miscible organic solvents, and organic-inorgani c hybrid polar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide. Coll agen is ithe principal building block of the hides and skins of most mammals, including man, and its principal source is hide substance. It also is the chief con- 40 stitu ent of many other parts of the body, such as -the inte$ tin!al walls, etc. In addition to its principal use-in the manufa-eture of leather-collagen is also widely used in the preparation of such materials as glue and gelatin. Mor e recently, much study bas been directed to the solu- 45 biliz ation of collagen and its reconstitution from solution as fibers for use as sutures and fibrous mats for various purp oses. The elementary basic molecular unit of collagen is trop o-collagen, sometimes called procollagen. This unit 50 has been isolated and electron micrographs made, so that its constitution is well understood. The macromolecules cons is,t -of three polypeptide chains coiled together in a long helix, about 10 to 15 angstro@m units in diameter and about 3,000 angstrom units (0.3 micron) long. Trop- 55 ocoll agen i@ insoluble in neutral water, but is soluble in certa in salt solutions and in dilute acid at about pH=3. Muc h of the work done in the production of reconstituted colla gen products has involved the production of tropocolia gen while -avoiding degradation -of the unit to glue (;0 or gelatin. A typical example -of this work is disclosed in the Artandi U.S. Patent 3,157,524, issued Nov. 17, 1964. The next higher organized state in which collagen has heretofore been known is the collagen fibril, which con2 sists of long, thin strands comprising thousands of individual tropocollagen units; the fibrils are several hundred -to a thousand angstrom units in diameter, and v-ary in length, generally being tens of microns long. In this - form, the collagen is waterinsoluble, not only at the neutral point but also in acidified water at pH=3. It is these fibrils which associate -to form themicroscopic flbers present in natural substances and which fibers comprise many thousands of fibrils bonded together. 10 In co-pending Battista a@pplication S.N. 436,;371, filed Mar. 1, 1965, itis disclosed that it is possible to produce a form of collagen intermediate between that of collagen fibrils -and tropocolla.-en, which has uniquely useful proplerties in that it can be swollen with water into Rels which i5 retain substantially their original viscosity on standing for a week.or more and which can be worked up into useful shaped products. This new form of leollagen is microcrystalline and colloidal; it consists of bundles or tightly packed aggregates of hundreds of tropocollagen units which vary in length from that of an individual tropocollagen unit to just under one micron, and vary in diameter from about twenty-five angstrom units to some hundreds of angstrom units. They have the unique property of being dispeTSible in water at pH=3 without being soluble therein. Compositioiis containing this new form of collagen, and free of forms of 4collagen which are soluble in water at pH=3, whiich compositions contain at least 10% by weight of these new submicron microcrystalline colloidal particles, produce viscosity-stable, useful aqueous gel dispersions at low concentrations of the order of 1%. This is in sharp contrast to the type of aqueous gel formed by tropocollagen in acid medium and by degraded forms of collagen such as gelatin. The gels formed by these acid-andwater-soluble forms of collagen thicken on standing, even at low concentratigns, to ptoduce rubbery masses so that their utility is sharply cuptailed by this lack of stability. Moreover, the new form of coliagen described in this application forms gels with substantially higher viscosity at much lower percentages of solids than for tropocollagen or gelatin. In makin.- this new microcrystalline colloidal collagen one starts with any undenattured collagen in the natural state, either as pieces of the original hide, gut, or other high-colla,- en source, but preferably with pieces dried und,r nondenaturing conditions and chopped up for easier handling. The product is ircated under carefully controlled conditions with very dilute acid-at a hydrogen ion concentration of from about 0.0025-0.025 mol/literand then mechanically disinte,- rated -wet, in the presence of t@he diluite acid, until about 10% or more of the material is reduced to submicron size. It is not essential that all the source material bereduced to submicron size. The product becomes useful when about 10% has been so reduced, althou,-hOptiMUM TeSUlts are obtained at somewhat higher concentrations of the submicron microcrystalline material. In producing this product, it is essential that the starting material be unden-atured. There have been used fresh cowhides and calfhides, salted-down cowhides, -wet moosehide, and sun-dried pigskins, sheepskins, and goatskins such as are conventionally used for making leather, as well as a special technical hide collagen prepared from hide splits - and possessing a minimal reduced bacterial count
[2]@ 3 ;393YO80 3 (circa 200-4000 bacteria per square inch). In general, if a hide is in such condition that it can be wet back for use in tanning to produce satisfactory leather, it is useful for producing microorystalline colloidal collagen and the ;attendant stable dispersions. The preferred Taw mate,rial, because of its wide -availability and low cost, is obvijously cowhide or technical grades of collagen prep-ared from cowhide. In preparini.- the crude cowhides for use herein, it is obviously desirable to remove hair and flesh, so that they will not introduce impurities which inust later be removed. It has been found advantageous to use degrained hide especially when refined stable dispersions are desired since degraining removes some tightly bound impurities. When operating next to -an abattoir, the hides or other parts may be processed fresh, However, it is desirable to use dry hides, for easier control of processin,-. Solvent extraction of the water in known fashion may be practiced; it is preferable to freezedry the wet hides, and sublime the water off under vacuum. This technique has marked advantages in insuring uniformity 6f rawmaterial as well as convenience and stability in storing and handlinig. The hide substance is preferably chopped up before treatment for case of handling. Preferably, it is -round to reasonable fineness, to insure more unifOfM Teaction, and less work in the ultimate comminution to subniicron size. It should be noted that stable microcrystalline colloidal dispersions of the untreated hide substance cannot be obtained without the appropriate chemical pre-treatrnent using catefully conbrolled acid conditions in combination with the minimum amount of mechanical disintegration. For making microorystalline colloidal collagen, one essential pre-treatment is a thorough soaking of the hide substance with the appropriate very dilute acid. The concentration needed with any particular acid varies with its composition and strength; the resultant products are more or less useful, @depending on these factors. With hydrochloric acid, at least about 0.0025 N HCI solution is needed to produce microcrystalline colloidal colla.-en from typical vacuum freeze-dried cowhide. Optimum @results are obtained with close to 0.01 N solutions; thereafter the products become somewhat less desirable and where over .025 N HCI solutions are used, degradation of molecular weight occurs with an attendant build-up of acid-soluble tropocollagen, and the desired properties iof the gels are lost. The purpose of the dilute-acid treatment is to partially hydrolize the collagen fibrils so that they will more readily form microcrystalline fragments with dimensions intermediate between tropocollagen and fibrils when mechanically disintegrated. Mild acid concentrations allow control of the extent of hydrolysis and mixin.- time and sheat conditions allow control of the mechanical attrition. Both are essential in production of dispersions of microcrystalline colloidal collagen. An acid such as hydrochloric acid is concentrated in minute quantities in an acid base reaction at active sites of the collagen molecules, the exact nature of this chemical reaction being unknown. When loadings of 5% or more of collagen are used in making dispersions, sufficient acid is used up so that somewhat higher concentrations of acid are necessary to produce the desired reaction. For example, at concentrations of 7.5% collagen .03 N HCI works well, while concentrations of over .04 N produce an unsatisfactory product which is overhydrolized. With concentrations of 1% collagen, the .03 N HCI is too strong. While the product of this co-pending application is useful in @producing a wide variety of materials, the ptoduct has certain disadvantages. The aqueous gels made from the product are not resistant to bacterial action, so they must be treated with bactericides, which are both expensive and sometimes undesirable. Moreover, there is marked difficulty in the removal of water because of the relatively low concentration of collagen in the gels, The spinnin-, of 4 fibers and the extrusion of films from these gels are also handicapped by the relatively long coagulation time involved. In addition, the gels tend to build up an apparent viscosity very rapidly, as the concentration goes up, so that gels with substantial percentages of colla,-Cn are relatively difficult to handle. This invention has as its principal object the provision @of colloidal dispersions of this new microcrystalline waterinsoluble collagen which overcome all of these difficul10 ties, and produce not only rnore concentrated dispersions at the same apparent viscosity but also produce compositions which resist bacterial action and are more readily coagulated and/or dried. We have made the surprising discovery that water15 miscible organic solvents, on being added to aqueousdispersions of this form of collagen, do not precipitate as would be expected but first actually thin out the dispersion somewhat. As the amount of water-miscible solvent is added, one finally reaches a concentration where the col20 lagen precipitates. This varies with the solvent and for any solvent with the concentration of the collagen in the system. Ingeneral, the useful range for solvent concentration is up to about 65 parts by weight. While even very small amounts of additional solvent serve the purpose of 25 preventing bacterial action, the other advantages of the use of added solvent are not obtainable below about 20% solvent by weight. In general, we prefer to operate with 25-35% organic solvent in order to prevent possible local concentration of substantially above 65%, which can 30 cause precipitation of the collagen. Dimethyl sulfoxide is an exception to the general rule in that it will not cause precipitation even when used alone, actingniore like water than like the ordinary watermiscible organic solvents. Moreover, when it is used in 35 conjunction with water, it permits the incorporation of more than 50% of additional organic solvent. Thus a 50% isoprop,anol/50% water medium is on the edge of precipitation. On the contrary, a 50% isopropanol/25% dimethyl sulfoxide/25% water mixture gives a clear homo40 geneous dispe!rsion; in fact, the percenta.-e of isopropanol can be substantially increased, in this instance up toabout 75%. Dimethyl sulfoxide alone is a good dispersing medium. However, when water-miscible organic solvents such as isopropanol are added to dimethyl sulfoxide in 40- the absence of water, then the addition of as little as about 25% isopropanol to the dimethyl sulfoxide will cause precipitation of the microorystalline collagen. Not only can the watermiscible solvent be added to an already existing dispersion, but the product can be made 50 by direct treatment of hide substance with a mixture of dilute aqueous-acid and the water-miscible solvent at the optimum concentration of acid, water, and solvent in conjunction with the required mechanical disintegrationtreatment. 55 We have found that the phenomenon discussed above is igeneral for substantially all water-miscible solvents, with the above-mentioned exception for dimethyl sulfoxide. We have investigated aliphatic alcohols, such as methanbl, ethanol, isopropanoll n-propanol; cyclic al60 @cohols such as tetrahydrofurfliryl alcohol, and furfuryl alcohol; water-soluble ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofurane; and ketones such as acetone and methylethyl ketone. As indicated above, the dispersions of this invention 65 can be made either by adding the solvent after an aqueous gel of microcrystalline colloidal collagen has been made or by adding the solvent directly to the starting mixture of bide and dilute acid. The second of these methods invariable yields a dispersion of lower viscosity. This dif70 ference in viscosity becomes more marked as the concentration increases and/or the temperatures increase up to about 80' C. The use of increases iii temperature above ambient temperatures up to about 80' C. to control viscosity tem75 porarily is an unexpected advantage of this inventioin. It
[3]32393)080 5 is known that high temperatures tend to denature collagen ve rapidly and tropocollagen gels, if heated even up to 50' C., drop off very rapidly in apparent viscosity after reversion to ambient temperature, indicating denaturation of the collagen. With the compositions of this invention, however, heating of the gels for a limited period of time merely acts to stabilize the viscosity at a slightly lower figure than in the absence of heat. In the practice of this invention ambient temperatures are ordinarily employed. However, because of the stability of the materials to some degree of heating, it is not (>rdinarily necessary to cool even high-energy comminution equipment, the use of which would result in denaturing of tropocollagen because its temperatures increase in the equipment. As pointed out in application S.N. 436,371, stable dispersions of microcrystalline colloidal collagen are prepared by treating the product with very dilute acid at concentrations of from about O.OGZ5 mol/liter up to about 0.025 mol/liter for low concentrations of collagen, and very slightly higher for higher concentrations of collagen, followed by appropriate mechanical disintegration until at least 10% of the material is reduced to microcrystals or aggregates of microcrystals of @submicron size. Optimum results are obtained with close to 0.01 N HC1 in the case of 1% concentrations of collagen, and about .025 N HCI at 6 % to 71/2 % of collagen. The hide material, preferably shredded, is disintegrated in an appropriate machine. The Waring Blendor and the Rietz extructor are the preferred equipment, acting more rapidly than such machines as the Cowles dissolver or the Bauer refiner. In general, the preferred disintegrating equipment subjects the particles of treated collagen to high shear against each other, causing disruption and effective rapid reduction in size. The Waring Blendor and the Cowles dissolver do this by imparting a high velocity to the particles; but the high shear can be imparted in other ways, as by extrusion through tiny orifices, or other known techniques. As indicated in application S.N. 436,371, other acids can be substituted for hydrochloric acid, with some loss of flexibility and ease of control. With other acids, control may be very difficult (as with sulfuric acid) or merely difficult (as with acetic acid, hydrobromic acid, and eyanoacetic a@cid) all of wbich give less satisfactory but acceptable productg and are useful in much narrower ranges of concentration. One of the major advantages of this invention is that these solvent-containing gels are completely free from bacterial attack and are stable inviscosity, not only over extended periods of time but over all likely storage temperatures, even in the summer. The other major advantage of using organic solvent diluents is that fibers can be dryspun and films can be dry-cast, because the organic solvents generally have a lower boiling point and lower heats of evaporation than water and thus the drying time is shortened. This is particularly true where articles are to be dip-coated. Other advantages are: (1) The solvent gels are more easily de-aerated than the aqueous gels, and (2) the solvents can be used as carriers for additives, such as crosslinking agents, thermal stabilizers, dyes, photosensitive compounds, and the like, some of which tend to be waterinsoluble. The following specific examples are typical of the invention but are not meant to be limiting thereto. In the examples all of the viscosities were measured with a Brookfield Model HBT viscosimeter using a T-bar spindle at 10 rp.m. and 25' C. Example 1 A mixture of 3.33 grams of ground, freeze-dried cowhide was soaked in 96.67 grams of 0.01 N HCI for 15 minutes at 30' C., then attrited in a Waring Blendor for 15 minutes below 30' C. The product was a milky white, 6 ' thick, stable gel with an apparent Brookfield viscosity of 680,000 centipoises. To 60 grams of the product was added 40 grams of C.P. grade isopropanol. The mixture was blended for 5 minutes in a Warin- Blendor, at a temperature below 30' C. This formulation contained 2.0 percent of collagen based on the total mixture. The product was a stable dispersion with an apparent Brookfield viscosity at 25' C. of 110,000 centipoises, which is about one-sixth the vis10 cosity of the dilute acid-aqueous parent gel. The product is useful in cosmetics. It was a creamy, translucent dispersion that could be spread easily on the skin. Isopropanol dispersions are useful bases for facial creams, suntan lotions, deodorants, shampoos, and hair 15 dressings of various kinds. Other solvents can be substituted for isopropanol in these applications or added to it in order to modify properties in specific applications. In suntan lotions, for example, it may be desirable to use additives or solvents that are absorbers of ultraviolet light. 20 Isopropanol dispersions are also useful in ointments and medicinals. Isopropanol itself is an antiseptic, and collagen can be assimilated by the skin or the area of a wound. The dispersion prepared as described in this example is an excellent antiseptic cream. 25 Example 2 A mixture of 10 grams of ground, freeze-dried cowhide and 990 grams of 0.01 N HCI was blended in a Cowles dissolver, Model I-VG (Cowles Dissolver Co., Inc., Los 3o Angeles, Calif.) for 15 minutes. The mixture was watercooled to keep the temperature below 30' C. The product was a thick, stable -,el with an apparent viscosity of 42,900 centipoises. To 750 grarns of the product was added 250 grams of 35 1,4-dioxane, a water-soluble ether, and the whole was blended for 20 minutes in a Cowles dissolver. The final product contained 0.75 percent by weight of collagen, and had an apparent viscosity of 23,200 centipoises. The product was found useful for preparing freeze40 dridd mats of collagen. About 100 grams of the disp@rsion was spread as a thin layer in the chamber of a Repp sublimator and cooled to -30' C. Pressure in the chamber was lowered to an average of about 5 microns of mercury over 16 hours. The product was a dry, white, 45 soft, tougb, porous, and absorbent mat of nearly pure colla.-en. This product has many uses, including surgical dressings, disposable diapers, pads, sanitary napkins, sponges, and foam. Dioxane is particularly useful in manufacturing freeze50 dried mats from dispersions because of its relatively bigh melting point, 11.8' C., compared to isopropanol, -87.9' C. Efficient freeze-drying depends on rapid sublimation of the frozen solve@nt. Dioxane can be processed at -30' C., but isopropanol requires lower temperatutes. 55 It has also b-cen found that dioxane provides mats with a smooth, uniform texture and strength and softness supe-rior to those of freeze-dried collagen mats prepared from any other composition. Example 3 60 A mixture of 21.4 pounds of ground, freeze-dried cowhide and 978.6 pounds of 0.01 N HCI was mixed by two passes through a Rietz extructor (Rietz ManufacturinCo., Santa Rosa, Calif.). The gel prodliced was mixed an 65 additional 10 minutes in the kettle of a high-speed stirrer (Lightnin mixer) tO idsure a more nearly homogeneous dispersion. The resultant gel had a Brookfield viscosity of 300,000 centipoises. To 70 pounds of the product was added 30 pounds of 70 C.P. aeetone, a ketone, to provide a formiilation containing 1.5 weight percent of collagen. This mixture was then passed twice through a Rietz extructor, then homogenized for 10 minutes with a Lightnin mixer. The final dispersion had a BTcrokfield viscosity of 95,000 centipoises. 75 The dispersion containing acetone was found useful for
[4]31393)080 7 preparing coffagen fibers. A hypodermic syringe witli an exit diameter of about I mil was charged with 2 grams of dispersion, which was then extru@ded into a bath containing acetone only until the fibers were about 2 feet long. The fibers were soaked in the bath for one hour to allow for complete coagulation, then hun.to dry in an atmosphere ot a'lr at 70' F. and 50 percent relative humidity. The dried fibers were tough, flexible, and elastic. When pulled by hand, they stretched about 10 percent before breaking. Fib,-rs were a'iso produced by extruding the dilute acidaqueous gel of this exaniple and the isopropanol dispersion of Example I into a bath of acetone in the manner described above. The aqueous gel was difficult to extrude because of its high viscosity. This example illustrates that this invention can be itsed in different ways to produce fibers from n-iicrocrystalline colloidal collagen dispersions, and that dispersions containing water-miscible organic solvents provide rovel fibers by simple processes. Example 4 A mixture of 0.75 pound of freeze-dried cowhide and 9.25 pounds of 0.03 N HCI was mixed by passing theni twice through a Bauer refiner@ The temperature was kept below 60' C. The resultant gel was homoge-@iized by mixing it for an additional 10 minutes in a heavy duty rota,ry mixer. The product was :an extremely thick gel that did not flow or break unde@r its own weight. The apparent viscosity exceeded 10,000,000 centipoises. To 8.0 pounds of the product was added 2.0 pounds of isopropanol to yield formulation containing 6.0 weight percent of hide collagen. The mixtlire was passed twice through a ]Bauer refiner, and finally homogenized for 10 minutes with a lightnin mixer. The product was a thick gel with a viscosity of about 1,000,000 centipoises. It was easier to mix and process than the parent gel in this exarnple that did not contain isopropanol. Adding sufficient 0.025 N HCI to the parent gel in order to decrease the callagen content from 7.5 to 6.0 weight percent for closer comparison with the isopropanol gel gave a dispersion with a viscosity greater than 2,000,000 centipoises. Example 5 A mixture of 2.0 grams of freeze-dried co-,vbide, 58 grams of 0.01 N HCI, and 40 grams of isopropanol was blended in a Waring Blendor for 15 minutes below 30' C. This formulation contained the same concentrations and ingredients present in the final dispersion of Exa-mple 1, which had a collagen concentration of 2.0 weight peTcent. In this case, however, a dispersion was made by blending hide, dilute acid ' and isopropanol in a single step. The product had a viscosity of 30,000 centipoises, which is approximately one-third the viscosity of the final dispersion of Example 1. Both dispersions were stable. Films prepared from them by the procedure used to prepare the films desctibed in Example 12 had the same tensile properties. Example 6 A mixture of 0.75 pound of ground, freeze-dried cowhide, 74.25 pounds of 0.01 N HCI and 25 pounds of dioxane was passed twice through a BaLier refiner, then homogenized for 10 minutes with a Lightnin mixer. All mixing was done below 30' C. This fOTMul-ation contained the same concent@rations and ingredients present in the final dispersion of Example 2, which had a collagen coneentration of 0.75 weight percent. In this case, however, a dispersion was made by blending hide, dilute acid, and dioxane in;a single step. The product has a viscosity of 7,100 centipoises, wbich is approximately one-third the viscosity of the final dispetsion of Example 2. Both dispersions were stable. Films prepared from them by the procedure used to prepare 8 the films idescribed in Example 12 h@id the same tensile properties. Example 7 A mixture of 1.5 pounds of vacuum freeze-dried cowhide, 68.5 pounds of 0.01 N HCI, and 30 pounds of acetone was passed twice through a Pfleiderer mixer, then homogenized for 10 minutes with a Liglitnin mixer, All mixing was done below 30' C. This formtilation contained the same ingredients and concentrations :as those 10 of the final dispersi6n of,Example 3, wbich ha d a collagen concentration of 1.5 weight percent. In this case, however, a dispersioli was made by blending hide, dilute acid, and dioxane in a single step. 15 The product had a viscosity of 31,800 centipoises, which is approximately one-third the viscosity of the flna:l dispersion of Exaniple 3. Both dispersions were stable. Films prepired from them by the procedtire used to prepare the films described in Example 12 had the same tensile prop20 erties. Example 8 A mixture of 0.6 pound of freeze-dried cowhide, 7.4 pounds of 0.025 N HCI, and 2.0 potinds of isopropanol was passed twice through a Bauer refiner for mixing, then 25 homogenized for 10 minutes with a Lightnin mixer. All mixing was done below 30' C. This formulation contained the same ingredients and concentrations as those of the fin@il dispersion of Example 41 which had a collagen concentration of 6.0 wei.- ht percent. In this case, however, 30 a dispersion was made by blending hide, dilute acid, and dioxaiie in a single step. The product had a viscosity of 280 000 centipoises, .vhich is approximately onethird the viscosity of the final 35 dispersion of Example 4. Both dispersions were stable. Films prepared from them by the procedure used to prepare the films described in Example 12 had the same tensile properties. Example 9 40 A dispersion was prepared in the same manner and containing the same amounts of ingredients as that of Example 1, except that raw cowhide was substituted for vacuum freeze-dried cowhide. The two products were indistinguishable. 45 The product of this example is useful as a paper binder, and textile sizing material. A mixture of 50 grams of dissolving grade, high alpha celltilose wood pulp was dispersed in 10 liters of water by mixing for one minute. To the slurry was added 5 grams of the 2.0 weight percent 50 collagen dispersion of this example prepared from raw cowhide. The slurry was mixed until uniform, then filtered by suction tlirough a cotton cloth supported on a Buchner funnel. The undisturbed solid mat of residue was dried in air at 70' F. and 50 percent relative humidity. The 55 final product was a tough, fibrous mat that could not be pulled apart by hand. A mat prepared by the same procedure, but with no collagen added to the formulation, gave a weaker mat that could be pulled apart easily by hand. The product also had poor -uniformity. Clumps of 60 fibers were observed on the surface. The mat containing collagen was n-iore uniform. Example 10 A dispersion was prepared in the same manner and con65 tainin.- the same ingredients as that of Example 4, except that raw hide was substituted for freeze-dried hide. The two products were indistinguishable. Example 1 1 70 A mixture of 10 grams of ground, freeze-dried cowhide and 990 grams of 0.01 N HCI was blended in a Cowles dissblver for 15 minutes. The mixture was watercooled to keep the temperature below 30' C. The product was a thick, stable -el with aii apparent viscosity of 42,900 75 centipoises.
[5]9 To 750 grams of the product was added 100 grams of dioxane and 150 grams of isopropanol. This mixture was then blended in a Cowles dissolver for 20 minutes. The product contained 0.75 weight percent of collagen, and had an apparent viscosity of 5600 centipoises. The dispersion of this example had the same concentration of collagen, HCI, and organic solvent (total) as those used in the final dispersion of Example 2. In this case, however, a 1: 1.5 mixture of dioxane and isopropanol was used in place of dioxane alone. This dispersion was evaluated for use in coating paper. A thin layer was spread with a doctor blade to a thickness of about 0.5 mil on board, pulp, and onion skin paper. The mix spread smoothly and adhered uniformly as a cOntinuous layer. The coated papers were dried for several hours at 70' F. and 50 percent relative humidity. They retained their shape; no shrinking or warping was observed. The coating was neither tacky nor greasy. It was written on with ball pen, fountain pen, and pencil without smearing. Absorbing was good and glare was not excessive. Example 12 A mixture of 4.0 grams of ground, freeze-dried cowhide, 0.04 gram formaldehyde, and 196 grams of 0.01 N HCI was attrited at 5400 r.p.m. in a Cowles dissolver for 15 minutes. A second mixture was made up the same as the first except that formaldehyde was omitted from the formulation. To each 100 grams of each dispersion was added 100 grams of isopropanol. The mixtures were blended in a Cowles dissolver for 15 minutes. To the remaining 100 grams of the two formulations without alcohol was added 100 grams of 0.01 N HCI to provide dilute acidaqueous gels having collagen concentrations the same as that of the two gels with isopropanol. The two dispersions free of isopropanot and the two containing alcohol were deaerated at room temperature in a vacuum desiccator, spread on a ferrotype plate with a doctor blade to a thi,kness of 1/8 inch, and dried in air at 70' F. and 50 percent relative hurnidity for two days. The dried films were clear and appeared uniform and non-fibrous to the eye. They were tested for tensile stren-th, elastic modulus, and percentage elongation at break according to the procedure of ASTM Standard D882-61T, "Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting' " The following specifications were observed for the testing with a table model Instron tensile tester: (1) Conditioned films at 50 percent relative humidity. (2) Conditioned films at 73.4-1.8' F. (3) 1-inch by 6-inch specimens cut with a ThwingAlbert film specimen cutter. (4) Chart speed of 10 inches per minute. (5) Cross-head speed of 0.5 inch per minute. (6) Jaw s--paration of 4.0 inches. (7) Full scale load of 20 pounds. (8) Electrical tape in grips to prevent slippage. The average thickness of all films was between 0.7 and 1. I mils. Tensile properties of films made with the four formulations are summarized in Table 1. Tensile strengths ranged from about 10,000 p.s.i. for films without formaldehyde to about 11,000 p.s.i. for those with formaldehyde. The 10 percent difference is attributable to crosslinking of collagen by formaldehyde. There were no differences in tensile elongation at break; they were all about 5 percent. There is no significant difference between the tensile properties of films prepared from dispersions with or without isopropanol. However, the isopropanol films did poss-.ss greater clarity and they appeared to be more uniform. Two processing advantages of using isopropanoldispersions in this application are that their viscosity is lower and they support higher loadings, which makes possible the casting of tbicker films by a single step. 3,393,080 10 TABLE I.-MECI-TANICAL PROPERTIES OF HAND CAST FILMS PREPARED FROM COLLAGEN DISPERSIONS T ensile El astic T ensile D ispersion Formulation St rength Modulus El ongation ( P.S.i.) ( P.S.i.) A t Break 5 ( XIO5) (p ercent) (1 ) 1% Collagen Gel in 0.01 14 ,100 3. 7@) 9. 0 N HCI. 8, 400 4. 03 2. 8 2, 800 3. 74 0. 83 12 ,900 4. 22 6. 0 13 ,900 4. 02 7. 9 6, 600 4. 06 1. 9 .1 0 9, 900 3. 90 3. 6 8, 700 4. 03 3. 0 A verages --------------- 9, 660 3. 97 4. 39 (2 ) 1% CollageD Gel in 0.01 13 ,200 3. 95 7. 1 N IICI with 2% CH20. 9, 700 3. 85 3. 7 15 10 ,300 3. 70 4. 3 10 ,000 3. 55 4, 8 11, 100 3. 77 5. 8 A verages --------- ----- 10 ,900 3. 76 5. 11 (3 ) 1% Collagen Gel in 507, 7, 800 3. 17 4. 3 2 0 0. 01 N HCI and 507, 9, 400 3. 42 5. 3 Is opropyl Alcoliol. 9, 600 3. 82 4. 6 1 0,500 3. 91 6. 3 10 ,000 3. 76 5. 3 A verages --------------- 9, 470 3. 62 B . 11 (4 ) 1% Collagen Gel in 507, 8, 700 3. 75 3. 6 2 5 0. 01 N HCI and 507, 10 ,900 4. 16 5. 7 Is opropyl Alcoliol witli 2% 12 ,700 4. 26 7. 3 C 1120. 10 ,600 4. 64 3. 6 11, 400 4. 47 5. 0 A verages --------------- 10 ,000 4. 26 5. 04 3 0 E xaniple 13 A 6% microcrystalline collagen gel was prepared as described in Example 4 in approximately a 25/75 isopropar,.ol/water medium. This gel was warmed in a water 35 bath to 60' C., then filtered through a 270 mesh stainless steel screen to remove dirt and other foreign particles. It was then spun into fibers by meansof a two-bath system using conventional rayon spinning equipment. Bath number 1 was isopropanol at O' C., and the hold time in the 4o bath was 20 minutes. The fibers were made into skeins from bath number I and immersed in bath number 2 comprising isopropanol at 25' C. containing 10% of a i.Ormaldehyde-based (Aerotex 23) cross-linking a,-ent. Hold time was 1 0 minutes. The skein was placed on a 45 reel and unwound, stretched and dried between heated rolls, and collected on a bobbin. The resulting fibers were quite wool-like, possessed excellent resilience, and good tensile strengths. Example 14 50 Same as Example 13, except the gel after warming and filtration was "dry spun" into a long vertical tube-similar to that used for cellulose acetate fiber manufactureand converted to a dry product directly without the twobath wet spinning procedure. 55 Example 15 A 6% microcrystalline collagen spinning gel was prepared by dispersing freeze-dried pulverized technical hide collagen in a mixture comprising 50% isopropanol/25% 60 dimethyl sulfoxide/25% water, in which had already been dissolved HCI in @an amount to be 0.025 M, on the basis of total water plus solvent. This was dispersed in a Cowles disintegrator and the temperature was not allowed to exceed 60' C. The warm 65 dispersion was filtered, and then hand cast into films and extruded into monofilaments by means of a hypodermic syringe. Films cast from this medium were clearer than from a binary isGpropanol/water solvent. Furthermore, the spun 70 monofilaments had tensile strengths that appeared greater than similar monofilaments prepared in the same manner from an isopropanol/water solvent medium. Example 16 75 A 2% microcrystalline collagen gel was prepared in
