1,761,762 at this comparatively low temperature must then be reheated to its b . oiling point in order to eftect its revaporization It is thus evident that donsiderable thermal loss is involved in the unnecessary cooling and reheating of the propellant in a system having a single condenser. Furthermore sepa rate condensation of the mercury and water, as disclosed by the present invention, permits lo,, a material saving in the cooling area of tlle condensers. as compared with-a system usin(r a single oondenser for both th6 propellai@t and refrigerant fluids, sinee it is not necessary to provide as much condensation 6a15 pacity wlien the temperature of the mercury is only i!educed below its own condensation point rathet than substantially to the condensation point of the water vapor. Fi@. 6 shows an arranoement of piping 20 which may be substituted for the separating chamber 6 and as particulhrly useful in conjunction with a propellant having a, lower density than the refi-igerant, for example, penta, ethyl benzine. In this form of the 25 invention the duct 28 corresponding to the duct 40 of Fig. 1 terminates in a substantially horizontal extremity which vents dirbctly into pipe 21, this junction b,ei.ng located at such a height in relation to the 30 cooler that. a liquid column of refrigerant sufficielit to balance the liquid in trap 23 will not overflow irito pipe-28, but so that a column formed by the lighter, propellant will overflow into pipe 28 rather than pass 35 throu(rh the liquid irap to the cooler. The hei(rht of the outlet of pipp, 28 should also be.@uch that the weight of a column of refrigera,nt filling pipe 21 from the trap 23 up to the outlet of pipe 28 diiters from that 40 of a similqr column of propellaiit by an amount corresponding to the maximum difference in pressure in the cooler aiid refrigerant condenser respectively for which the system is designed. 45 A slialitly diiterent arrangement of piping which permits a compact installation is shown in Fio-. 3. Accoi-ding to this form of ' the inven7tion, the compre'ssion duct 21 is coilnected by an upstanding pipe 109 to 5o the upper end of the condenser 3, while the loiver end of the latter is connected directly to pipe 19 aiid thus the sel)arating chamber may be omitted. I cliim: 55 1. Tlle art of refri(yei,ation -which coinprises vaporiziiig a, refri(yerant in the region to be cooled, condensing the refrigerant vapor in anofher region, ng the ref rigerant vapor from the 1,)rustmtpoi the second 6o regioii by meaiis of,the vapor of a propell(@iit liquid I.Lavino_- 9,. higher boiling point than the refrigerant liquid, and condensing the propellent vapor out from the refri(rerant vapor in a re(rion wliich is substan65 tililly out of heat-transfer relation with the reoion in which the refrigeraiit vapor is c@-ndensed. 2. The art of refrigeration which comprises vaporizing a, refrigerant liquid in the region to be. cooled, condensing the refriger- 70 aiit vapor in ,tno@her region, directly imlelling the l@efi-i-erant vapor froiii the first to the E3econd i-egioii by ineans of the vapor of a propellent liquid having a different boiliiig'point than that of the i,efrigeraiit, 7zi .tndeffectiii(v the substantial condensation o-L' the propellaiit and refrigerant vapors in regioiis which are spaced from eacli other. 3. The art of refrigeration which. coiiiprises vaporizing a refrigerant in the reaion so to be cooled, condensing the refrigei@,int vapor in another i-ecrion, drawino, the refrigerant vapor from the first to the second region by means of the vapor of a ptopel-- lajit, which has a higher boiling- point and 85 a higher density tliaii the refrigerant, conducting the i-nixture of fluids through a condenser at a coinparatiitely high tempera-, ttire whereby the bulk of the propellant only is condensed, aiid conducting the residue go of the'mixt-Lire which lar(yely comprises the refrigerant to a condense@i at a higher level and a, lower temperature which is substantia;lly out of heat trqnsfer relation with the first condenser, whereby the fluids.iiiay be 95 separately condensed. 4. Refrigeration apparatus comprisiiig a cooler containing a refrigoi@ant, a dissipator@ a duct leadilig froin the cooler to the dissipator, an aspirator opei@atively associated 10 'iiith said duct, means for supplying to said aspirator the vapor of a propellent liquid havinc, a higher boiling poiilt than the refi-iger-ant liquid, and means for condensing the propellent vapor out from the refriger- 105 ant vapor intermediate soid aspirator and dissipator, said means being so separated from said dissipator that the heat absorbed - in condeiising the propellent vapor is not transferred to the' dissipa-tor in laroe de- 110 gree. 5. Refrigeration apparitus comprising a cooler containing a@refrigerant, a dissipator, a duct leading from the cooler to the dissipator, an aspirator operatively associated 115 with said duct, ineaiis for supplyina to said asl.)irator the vapor of a propellent liquid litvii-ig a higher boiling point than the refligerant liqtiid, and a, conden-ser iiitermedi,ite siid aspirator and dissipator for remov- 120 iii- the propelleiit vapor from the refrigerant vapor, said coiidenser and dissipator being arranged to opei-ate at teinperatures sub-, stantially independeiit of each other.. . 6. A refrigerating system comprising a 125 cooler, means for pumping refrigerant vapor from the @ooler to the condenser by propellent vapor, a condenser f or one of said vapors, a second condenser between the pumping means and the first condenser for the, 130

4 1,761,762 other vapor, said condensers being in substantiary non-heat transfer relation with each other, whereby the vapor liaving the higher temperature of oondensation may tend to liquefy in the first condenser and the other vapor may pass on to the second condenser to be liquefied. 7. A refriger-.ting system comprising a cooler iiieans for puiiiping refrigerant vaju -por from the cooler to the condenser by propellent vapor, a con-iparatively large condenser for one of said vapors, a second comparatively small condenser between the pumping means and the first ecindenser for 15 the other vapor, said condensers being in substantially non-heat transfer- relation with each other, whereby the vapor having the h h te . mperature of condens:ition ig er inay tend to liquefy in the first condenser 20 and tl-ie other vapor m,@ty pass on to the second condenser to be liquefied. 8. A. refrigerating s3rstem. comprising a cooler, an aspirator, a duct for condiicting refrigerant -@apor from said cooler to said --5 aspirator, means whereby aspirated propellent vapor inay driw said refrigerant through said duct and becoine inixed with said refrigerant vapor and two condensers situated at different levels and connected c@9 ivith the outlet of saict aspirator and said duct, the heavier of the two vapors collectiiig and condensin- in the lower condenser aiid the ligliter vai)or separating from the heavier vapor and coiidensin% ii.i the uppei 35 condenser, said c, eing in substantially non-heat transfer i@elation with each other, whereby condensation therein may t,,,ke place, at widely differino, tem2D peratures. @3 . 9. A refrigerating s@,rsteiii comprising a cooler an aspirator no'zzle, a vaporiz-.r for propellent liquid connected to t.he aspirator, a :vapor duct for directing evaporated refrigerant from said cooler to the outlet of @f:i the nozzle, oL condenser receiving a mixture of the refri(yerant vapor and propellent fluid and fi:)r co7ndensing tlle latter and a duct 'to drain--the latter back to th'e vaporizer a condenser for ref@i(rerant above said firstiiamed condenser @ai@d said@ cooleri an up@ standing passageway to direct refrigerant vapor upward rom the first condenser to the second condenser, an(I a pipe for draining liquid refrigerant f roin said condenser 1:3 to the cooler, and means to prevent the return of condensed refrigerant through the upstanding passageway to the first condenser. 10. A refrigerating systefii comprising a c@ cooler, an aspiratcr, a viporizer for propelleia liqui(I connected to the aspirator, a vapor duct for directinevaporated refrigera-nt from said cooler to the outlet of the aspirator, a condeiiser f or receiving a inixture of 6,5 the refrigerant vapor and an aspirated pi@opellent fluid, and for condensing the latter, and a duct to drain the propellant back,to the vaporizer, a condenser for refrigerant above said first-named condenser and said cooler, an upwardly extending passageway 70 to direct refrigerant vapor upward froili the first condenser to the @econd condenser, a pipe fo@ draining liqui-d refrigerant from said condenser to the dooler, and means to prevent the return of condensed refrigerant through the upwardly extending passage to -the first condenser, said means comprising a juncture of the passageway and pipe wherein the @ortion of the former wliich joins the latter has a substantially horizontal 80 direction. 11. A refrigeratinly systeni comprising a cooler, containing% a @'efrigerant with a moderate boiling pOiDt, an@ aspirator, a vaporizer a pipe connection between the vaporizer s,5 and the inlet of the aspirator, a propell6nt fluid with a high boiling point in said vaporizer, a vapor duct for directing vaporized refrigera,nt to tl-ie outlet of.said aspirator, a compression and condenser duct adjacent 1)o the oiitlet of the asp-irator, means for cooliDa said duct to condense substantially all of the propellant therein, a condenser above said cooler and aspirator, a passageway !or directing the vapor from said compression 05 and condenser duct to said condenser and a layer of heat insulating material between the two conde-nsers. 12. A refrigerating system coniprising a cooler containing a @eftigerant with a mod- ioo erate boiling point, an aspirator,.a, vaporizer, a pipe connection betwoen the vaporizer and the inlet of the aspirator, a pi-opellent fluid with a high boiling point iii said vaporizer a vapor duct for directino, va- lor, porized refrigerant to the outlet oC said aspirator, a compression and condenser duct adacent the outlet of the aspirator, ineans, for cooling said duct to condense substantially all of the propelltnt thereilf, a con- lio denser above said cooler. and aspirator, a passageway for directing the vapor from said conipression and condenser duct to said conclenser and a layer of' heat insulating' iiiaterial between the vaporizer and each oi. ii5 the7-condensers. 13. A refrilyeratin-a system comprising a oboler contaiii@ing 6, @e-frioerant witli a moderate boiling point, an @spirator, a vapor@ izer, a pipe co nnection between the vapor- j--o izer and the inlet of the aspirator, a propellent fl.uid with a high boiling point in said vaporizer a vapor duct for directing vaporized refrigerant to the outlet of said aspirator a compression and condenser duct 1'-5 adjaceni I the outlet of the aspirator, means for coolin(r said duct to condense sub@tant,ially all ;f the propellant therein, a condenser above said cooler and aspirator, a passageway for directing the vapor from 13o

1,761,762 said compression ancl condenser duct to said condenser, a drain for returiiino, condensed refri-erant to said vapoi,izer, and a layer' of licat insulatilig iiiaterial separatinc, said drain aiid the pipe between the vap@orizer ,iiid aspirator. 14. A refrigerating system i@omprising ,L cooler containing a refri(yeraiit ii,itli a moderate boiling point, an aspirator a vaporizer, a pipe connection betiveen the vapor7 izer alld the ililet of the aspirator, a propellent fluid ivith a bigli boilin nt in ,g poi said vaporizer, a vapor duct for directiiio,'vapor-t'@ i@:ed refriaerant to the outlet of said aspira15 @or, a compression and condenser duct adjace t the outlet of the aspirator, means for cool nff sai(I duct to condense substantiilly all o?the propellant thereiii, a condenser above said cooler ind aspirator, a passa(re20 way for directing the vapor from said coinpression @ind condeiiser duct to said condeiiser, and a draiii for returning condensed refrigei-a.nt to said vaporizer, a layer of lieat insulatino, material separating shid 25 drain and'the' pipe between the vaporizer and asl.)irator, and heat insulatina material separating the said pipe from tli@ refrigerant condenser. 15. A refrigeratinog, systeii-i coinprising a 30 cooler containing a refri-erant, a,refricrei,ant condeiiser. an aspirator,.a vapor leadin(, from the cooler to the outlet of aspiritor, a vaporizer conn@eted to the i,-z piratoi- inlet, a supply of propellent liquid 35 havin-a higii boilin- point in the vaporizer a condenser duct aligned with the aspirator, ou'-Iet and being adapted to receive a mixlure of the refri-erant and propellent fluicls, said condenser lia-,@iner a i@estrieted coolin-, to area wliei-eby'tlie part of the mixture !,,,tvre of condensabe condenqed etion for conductinthe residue of the mixture to the '7' ,i5 refrigerant condenser. 16. A refrigerating system comprising a i-efrigerant circuit and a propellent circuit with a part in common, an aspirator, in said common part, said common part including 60 a propeuent condenser, said propellent circuit including a vaporizer, said refrigerant circuit including a cooler, a duct extenclng from the cooler to the aspirator,, a re:riiger-, ant condenser and a duct from the refriger55 ant condenser to the cooler, said last-named duct being joined intermediate its ends bv a pipe from the propellent condenser, an@ an outlet duct from the propellent conden60 ser forming'a part of the propellant circuit, said pipe being arranged to drain propellant into said outlet duct but joining the duct leading to the refrigerant condenser in such a manner that liquid refrigerant from the 65 refrigerant condenser normally will pass' to the cooler rather than to the propellent eircu@.t. 17. A refrigeratin(Y si7stem coiiiprisiiicooler, means for pui;pfnu refrigerant filoni the coolei, to a refrigerant condeiiser, a pro- 70 pellent condenser between the pumpip-g meins and refrigerant condens'er, a sin.(,rle duct connecting the refrigerant co,-Lidenser with the rest of the sy---tem, said duct having a br-anch connected to the cooler and a branch connecte d to the propelle'nt condenser. tn 18. A refrigeratina s37stem comprisiiia a cooler, means for pu@n'ping refriaerant froul the cooler to a reirigerant Conde-nser, a propellent condenser between the pumpino@ means and refrige -ant. conde I n ser, a du@t- 130 connecte d to the lo-wer pirt of the refrioerant condenser, a branch o,f said duct extend- - iilg to the propellent condenser and ada ted to direct ribfrigera-nt vapor to the refrigeil- 85 ant condenser and another branch of the duct connected to the cooler and adapted to return condensed refrigerant to the same. 19. A refrigeratin- system comprising, t cooler, means ror pum riefri(rerant from go the cooler to a refrigerpalnntgc!ond@'nser, a propellent condenser between the pumping means and refrigerant condenser, a drain for condensed propellant adjoining the propellent condenser, a duct connected to the 95 lower pai,t of the refrigerant con(lenser, a branch oP said duct exteiiding to the propollent condenser al.ld adapted t@) direct iefrigerant vapoi, to the refrigerant condenser and another branch of the duct connect,-Id 100 to.the cooler and adapted to return condensed refrilyerant. to the s,,ime, said fiist branch beinc@'arranged to return propellant colidensiii g thei-ein direetlv to the propellent drain. 105 Signe d by me at Boston, Massachusetts this 20th day of December, 1926. LYMAN F. WI-IITNEY. 110 120 125 1.30

Patented Jun e 3, 1930 - 1 9 7 6 1 9 7 6 2 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE LYNAN P. WHITNEY, OF BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, ASSIGNOR, BY MESNE ASSIGN-. XENTS, TO STA@OR REPP.IGEP.ATION INC., A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE REFRIGERATING APPARATUS AND METHOD ApplicAtion illed Tanuary 6, 1927. Serial No. 159,34.3. This invention relates to a refrigerating of fluid, namely t e por artictilarly relates to a systein hav g ,t oiler rla, propellent vapor, duct leade C) boiler to the aspirator, and a e@iding from a propellent conboiler, whereby the propellent ffuid may r rii to the boiler and wherein it niay form a liquid head to balalice the boiler pressure. This invention in some aspects tlleref ore relate!@ to ref rigerati a aI'g pp ratus of'the character disclosed in applica_ ioii No. 733,699 filed August 23, 1924 by i@-"astiiian A. Weaver, but comprises an im:)rovei-nent th6reover, by. presenting a syslem of higher theridal efficiency, characterzed more particularly by a more advanta),eous disposition and arrangement of the @omponent factors of the refrigerating syslem aiid by the provision of spaced condensng elements for the propellent and refrig@rating i-nedia, thus iiot only permitting a ,rreater thermal efficiency but also. allowng a marked decrease i4 the total condensng area and correspoiiding necessity for bpplying a cooliiig draft or current to the @ondensing surfaces. @Further advantageous ises and desirable combinations of various eatures of the preseiit invention are shown n my copending applications Nos. 159342 I 59@3441 159,31,5, and 159,346, filed on even late herewith. While the pi@eferred embodiment of the nvention illustrated herein is designed to ml)loy a propellent liquid having a mateially higher density than th'e refrigerant Lquid, such a condition is not essential to lie advaiit@geous. use of the principles of ,iis invent ioii; and in certain installations, inay be,,found des.irable to use a refrigernt ivhich has a different composition in the .quid than in the vapor phase, certain )lvents beino, suspended in the refrigerant i its liquid phase. The condensers rnay be :)oled in any suitable way, either one or Dth ihereof being merely exposed to the @mosphere or to a current of cooling fluid. The principles of this invention, will thus be found advantage6us under various operating conditions and in widely varying types of installations. Further objects and advantages of the inve- tion will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon a readi@g of the subjoined description and claims in conjunction with the accoinpanying drawiiigs in which: Fig. I is a diagrammatic view, of the im- 60 proved r6friLrerating system; Fig. 2 is an end elevational view of a portion of the system, heat insulating material beinly removed; Fig. 3 i@'a diagrammatic view of another 65 foril'i of refrigerating system; Fig. 4 is a central longitudinal -section througli the aspirator and related parts; Fig. 5 is a plan view of a part of the systeiii; and 70 Fig. 6 is a broken diagranilliatic view of a modified piping arrangement desirable with a refrigeratidg system of' this ty@e when certain kiilds of propellent fluid are used. 75 Referring to the accompanying drawings and inore particularly-to Fig. 1 thereof, the i-mproved refrigerator systen-i is provided with a suitable cooler 1, which may be located within the conventional household re- 80 frigerator or iii any otlier suitable ]region which is to be cooled. Spaced from the th 'cooler 1 aiid below e same is a vaporizer 8 for boiliilg tlie propellent liquid such, for example, as mercury.- This boiler may be P,5 heated in aiiy desirea m'anner and as show.n is provided @vith an electric heating unit 9 which iiiay be energized throuah suitable leads 11 froin any conventional source of curreiit. Vaporizer 8 is provided W'Ith an co upwardlv extendiiily outlet 12 which,terininates in a high pressure 6hamber or elbow 14 in which is inserted. the small or inlet end of aspirator nozzle 13. This iaozzle may prelerably be of --onventional tapered c,@ forin and is designed approximately to perm@t adiabatic expalision of the propellent vapor to a inuch lower pressure and teryi@ perature, tlius giving it a high veloaity, as it enters mixing chamber 16. A vapor duct

i,761,762 15 connects cooler 1 with mixing chamber 16, whereby evapora@tion of refrigerant may take place in the cooler, due to the suction caused by the rapidly movirig stream of propellent vapor through thd mixing chamber. In concentric alignment with the aspirator jet is a combined condenser and compression duct 19, into -which the mixture of propellent fluid and the impelled particles 10 of refrigeraiit vapor- pass, the kinetic ener(y CIY of tlie former being consumed and the latter being compressed. Duct 19 is cooled by suitdble fins 4:7which may be exposed to the atmospliere, to an artificitlly induced current of air, or as shown in Fig. 1 may be enclosed in-a water jack-et so that the heat will be absorbed by eirculatip-g water which enters and leaves the jacl,:et tlirough conneetions 41 and 42,respectively. 20 D'Uct 19 is downwardly inclined and preferably terMiRates in an upwardly curved@ contini-iation which coinprises a vertically extending duct 40. At the lowest part of pipe 19 is an outlet 44 which connects with 25 an inclined pipe 25 which in turn joiris a pipe 46 comprising a trap 47 which opens into the bottom of boiler 8, thus'providing outlets for mercury or propellent fluid which may have been condensed in mixin- chan-i30. ber 16 or duct 19. Pipes 25, 26 and7' 46 are adapted to hold static liquid columns to provide a suitable liquid head to balance the vapor pressure in boiler S. For exaliaple, after all fixed gases are exhausted from the 35 system if the mercury is heated to a temperature such that the pressure in the boiler is 760 mm., liquid mercitry will stand in pi es 46 an(i 2c) al.)proximatelv 30 inches above the liquid level in tl-ie boiler, thus per40 mitting the installation qf the system within a space of reasonable size and yet permitting the balancing of the boiler pre--sure by a suitable liquid head. Pipe 40 has an in-curved upper end which 45 is adapted to emit vapor into a'seperating cha,mber 6 to the upper portion of which the coiaden@er 3 is connected, as disclosed in Figs. 1 and 2. Condenser 3 may be of any desired forin but preferably comprises sin-. 5o gle pipe 4 bent to prbvide oppositely disposed open loops having a general clownward inclination wliereby condensed refrigerant will tend to flow downwardly through cha,mber 6 to pipe 21. Any suitable cooling r)5 means may be used for condenser 3. As shown, it is provided with the fins 5 which are adapted to give up hea-t to the atmosphere, but a forced eirculat-ion of ait, water, or any other suitable medium may be used 60 for this purpose. At the lower part of tube 21 is a suitable liquicl trap 22 with,.% hoi:izoiital continuation entering cooler 1. This trap may be filled with any suitable liquid such as the propel65 lant itself. Under normal working coiaditions a column of condensed r;efrigerani tends to build up in the p ' " 21 to a heighi 'p sufficient to balance the liquid in the oppo site leg of the trap, whereupon.refrigerani leaks tllrough the liquid in the trap an(' passes into the cooler. A trap of this typ( permits a di:fference of pressure betnveen th( condenser and the cooler which results fron compression of the vapoi, taking place 11 duct 19. In order to allow drainagq of an@ residual propellent fluid which may hav( remained in the refrigerant as it passes up ward to condenser 3 and downward to ttib( @l, :in outlet is provided at the lower parl of cooler 1 with a siiitable liquid trap 2i similat to trap 22 and joinina the pipe 2@ by a suitable continuation 49, l@suitable con nection 27 being provided between tubes 1,1 and 49 so that fluic'L in the trap will not bi displaced when the system is subjected t( certain special conditions, such as, when after being evacuated, --as is admitted to th4 system and so that ther-6 will be no tendenci for gas to pocket when the system is beini evacuated. In ihe operation of a refrigeratina systen of this character it has been foundadvan tageous to use a propellent fluid with , comparatively high density and a high boil ing point, siich as mercury, and a refriget ant havi@ig about the characteristics of - wate, or of a solution of salt or caustic and water whereby the refrigerant may differ in it: liquid and vapor phase. Pre'ferably the boiler, tubes 12, 44, and portion of tube 25, as well as the aspiratoi and compression duct 19, are entirely en closed with suit-.tble insulatiiap-, material 50 @n as indic,,tted in Fig. 1. This heat insulatiol retards the leakage of heat to the atmos phere frona the hot aspirator nozzle 13 an( boiler 8, as well as from tiibes 12, 25 and 26 Furthermore, the arrangement of the com pression duct 19 with a modef,,tte downwar( slope allows satisfactory drainage of con densed propellant , while permitting a com pact system in whicli the hot pipe 12 is no unnecessarily Ion and thus does not causi 9 needless heat losses. A refrigei-ation system having separati condensers for the i-efrierant and propel lent fluid resr)ectively a "@Words several 'ad vantages over a system -wherein'these fluid: are condensed in a, sinole condenser. . Whei both fluids are condeiised in a single con d-enser it is necessary to reduce their tem peratures substantially to the temperattl-r4 of condensation of that fluicl which has thi lower boiling point; for exaiiiple, whei mercury is used as a ptopellant and water a: a refrigerant, the temperature of the mer cury vapor inust be.substantially reduced t( the temperature of condensation of th, water vapor under the pressure @ condition existing in the system. The liquid mercur: