[1]1 1 5 4 0 , 4 1 9 Patented June 2, 1925. UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. WiNr, RF,D T@ FOW:ELL, OF ROCHESTER, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR. TO THF, STROMBERGCARLSON TELEPHONE IVIANUFACTURING COMPANY, OF ROCHEST-PR, NEW YQRX, A CORPOE@ATION OF NEW YORli. AUTOXATIC TELEPIIONE SYSTLX. Applicatioii filed December 28,1920, Serial No. 433,677. 7'o (tll Be it kliown that 1, AViNr@izi@i) T. PowELL, ,t citi en f the United States, i-esidiiig at z 0 iii the coiiiity of M oiiroe a@ll(I State of NoAv, Yoi-l@ liave iiivented ceiltaiii Deii, ,tlld ii@,efiii li-npi-ON?eiiients in Autoiiiat;eTelepi,@oiie Systeiil,,,. of whicli the folloi-,,iii,,,, is a f-Lill el.ear, co-cicise, and extel, descriptiorl. 10 I'his iiiveiitioii relates to telephone, systeiiis ai-i(I niore ptrtiCLIlai@ly to teleplioiie s.)rst(@ii-is eml)loying aiitomati'c switelles for 'ec@@oiiiiectiolis betiveell ealliiig ind ,tll(,(l tel,eplioile, lilies. 15 'fii aiitoiiiatic telel)lione systeiiis (@ii-il)loyjll(y an ilidividii,,il truiik selectiiig @,@@viteli I)i-ovided -Nvitli iiidel,)en(leiit opei-ating,l)letilis, it A-vas ciistomai-y to provide aso-c,tlled Iiii(, i,elay for eacli line. In ae20 (.@oi.-(Iai)ce Avitli the pi-e-,ent inn,ei-ition it is 1)1'01)os(@d to ari-an(ye flie tel6p!ione lines Ill -,iiid to provide a coii)inoii grotip (I.,. ile@aa,s the total iiiimb r of wliieli i-e.@ I e la.@-,., i,,@ less ilian the i-iiiiiibei- of Iiiie,,s, Ni-Iiicli 25 of 1)erfoi-iiis the fiiiietioiis foi,- iiiei,lv I-)ei-f oi-i . iied by the line, i@elay. (Ile, fet'tltre Of illis invention' i-el-,ites to iiovel nie@iiis for@coiitrollin(r the ind'Lvidii,il '.,-.rullk selector of a, telel)ILolie line. i\- secoiid fetttii-e 6f this iiivei-itioil i,c,-,icles iii improved ineaiis for directively oper,,itililnumerical switcl-ies, wliile otlier feattires oli tlio invention ivill appear from the cletailc-d (le,@ei-iptiOE ,iDd Lppeiided claims. Tii tile, (lr"llvings; Fi(r. I diagi-an-iiiiatic,,illy 1-( @l)-,@(@seiits t'LIC, Sllb-statiol-i eiretiits of onE,, fc,te,,,)Iione, Iiiie of ,t g@oiip as Avell as the oli(,i@atiiioc@ii@eiiit,3 of the iiidii,idtial triink S"@lecto 1, sA'Vi.teli @(f this line, wliile at the 110 lolvel, Pbl-tioll tlicre are repi-esented thiee ('tl(lll)", of i-el@IAs iAIiieh co-opeiate in the (,onti-ol of a pliii-ality of siieli lii-i(-- sivitel-ie,--,. l@i(- 2 is i@epresentecl the opei,at-ii-eiti'ts of ti connector sai,iteli is Nyell 45 a@.,@ the sub-,,,tatioii eireiiits of a secon(t teleplionc@ line lic@reiii r6fel,red to its tlic- ealled or Ava-tited line. Ill accordaiiee )iitli oiie, en-ibodiiiielit of I,Ilis ii-LN,elltion th6 lines of the telephoD,-@ 50 s-vsteiii ai-e arraiigecl in o-roiips of 100 Iiii(,s, (,.,Icll tiii@l foi, the coil-illion Ilse of e,,icli (@i,Oiil) toE Iiiies at-e proi,ided a fl'l,Ollp o-f i,ei'i-i t-lAi-ec@ stib-@,yi,-,)Ups for c@)- in tlio. co-ntrol of the i-@iotor i-ii,,ig-, "('ts (f tlle@ liile -,,I@litelles of tlle line,@; of- tll(@, 5 group. The triijil,@: selector s-",Iteb n-lay be of tlic,@ ),I)e (liseloscl(i ill tli(, patent to C Iciiielit Aii Lit _g P 11, 191@l, altliougli it iiill be iiiderstood that vai-iou@@ foriii,,@ of (@ii i,otal@y siiitche@ iiiay be emplciyed iii ii,hie'll each set of iioi;n-lal contacts is fol'lo-wed One set of ti.@tilil@ contacts. Tlte coii,.iectoi, s-@vitch may I)e 6f the foi-m diselos'ed iii the pitent to Keitli, EricIcson ajicl EricksOll 65 #815,1'i6 , Alai@eli lo' 1906, in-heii ,iioclifiecl to opei,,,ite iii @t so-,,@tllled fivo lirii.,e telel.@ho-ii(, ,ysteiii. The - ,mall iiiiiiiertils refer to t-,I-ie nuii-ierieai designati oi-i of tlle lilies of the grotip - aii(I 70 tbesel@ niin-ibeiis @is ivell as the letters a,@sociated N@,itli certain 6f said relays to(yetliell i@,ith the co(Ic,, it tlie IoNi,ei@ p@,,ii-t 6f Fi(-. I iiidicate iA,Iiieli i@eliys are relftted to tli(-, vai,i-, oiis lines. Eac li siib-statioi-i is I)i@oilided -"Iitli a di.,-fl sc!,,icier of any prete red form wlii.ch intei@- r i-ill)ts tlle Iiiie circuit a iiiiniber of tiiiies ii-i accordai iee with the (lesired settiiig of the (.Iial seii0ter. Tlicl interrtiptioii-, or iiiiptils(@s of each series are, of eqtilal diii-,ition, exc("])[ the last iAIilcli is lilliell sliorter tliiii tilf, Gtliers of the series'. IAT itli this brief description of the a,pp,,tl,atiis employed it is believed that tlie inventioii 85 will best be understood b y scribiii,( @) the iyietliod of establisl-iilig t tel oiie coniiectioii fr6m a calling teleplione I ne, indicatc,(l at A, to ,t called st,,ttioii in c.Lted. at B. Whell the siibscrib(-,r at A- i-eill6ves Iiis i,e- 9( ceiier from its switch liook, ,t eireiiit i,, el6sed fi,oni0'roliticl, it the iippermost arlylll[tire aiid back contact of the clit-off i-ela), 105, over the tipper side of the callino@ lin(@, iiiipulse spiiii!,Ys 106, tlil-oLio-l-i tllie Stib7St-')- 95 tioii cii,eiiits, over the lower side of the e,@lliiig line in seric,,s,, iniier tipper arlii,,ittire aii(i l@ack coiitact o tll(, t-o r ay, Coll(Itictol.. et[ ff el 10'i, coiit,,icts, 108 of rela.), 112, con(iiietoi, 109, AA,indiiig of i-elay 110, secoiidir @N@ ,Niiidtei-y. The priiiiary ii,,ii-Ldinto., of this l@ist iiieiit-oiied indtiction coil is coniiected to SoLirce of dial toiie cillri-ent -,o that ,L toiie i,,), t the ei er f tli callransmitted to reel v 0 e iii,-, subscriber iintil the eireiiits are in (ioiiditiol'i t6 receive the first series of iiiipillses froili the ing of the ilidue'Lion coil to I)CAT-
[2]I'he relay 110 is eneralzed in the last described circuit and completes al'i operatin, c ii-cuit, froiii ground, its upper arniattire ,i.nct i'l--oiit contact, condtietci-- 111, windiiig of relay 112, to grouiided battei-y. Relay !IP, closes the series 6f conticts shonvn at i,-s 1,: t aiid left-liand and tliereb3, opeds the contacts 108 to se,irer the opei@atiiao- ei-i-ct,,it of the i-elay 110, but this relay beeiiise of 10 its sloiv releasiii(y cl-iaractei,isties the opei@ating circuit for relay 112 for aii ,ippreciable interN,@il. As sool@@as the relav 112 attracts its armatures, a circuit is close@t fi-oiii -roiinclecl battery, ininding of the re15 lay 113, coiitacts 114, conductor 10@, ol,er the tiv,o si@ies of the callido- line in s@@i,ies to c@'round at the tippermost ai-mattire al'id bacic coiit,,ict oT' relay 105. The relay 113 is t'ii-tls ol)era.,tect to oomplete a locli:iii(y circuit fo-- 20 the relay 112 from groiiiaded battei-y, ing of' this relay, its iiinermost' i-ight-liaiil froiit,. coiitact aiid armatiire, coEdi-@cto-i.@ 115, ir,nel- frolit @contael and@ )f ---ela ), 1131 116, iirii-idin(,- of the irope@i25 ance coil, to -ro-Liiid. With 113 ',Illd grouiid poten. o ,L-l@2 operated 1-ial ip, ,tppliecl the normal conta ts 11' - oui- erc 4@roin gi (I, iipp n most fropt contact, a d- ari,-,ature 6f rela-v 113 col-iductor 118, tothe cont,,icts if 7. Ti@icz I 11 30 condition is effeetive to i-iitiate th(,. ope:,ation of the motor.ma@_yiiet 119 oi the Iiiie switcli ivhich is tettiat@cl iii i ei-rcult traceable from -rotind . ecl battery, iNind'IT-ig of this ma;gnet, its back coi-itact and ai,iiia'L-iii,e, loiit35 er back contact at-id ariiia'ullre of tlle cutoff relay, brusl-i 120, tei@rf1iii,,il 117, to ground, as previously described. Under tl,,e control of this circuit the motoi- 11-9 ,idvances its briislies 120, ]@21, 122, @@iid 12'0 40 into eiigagement ivith the terminals of ti,unk #1. Let it be assuiiiect that this ti-iiiik is busy, -tinder ivhich assuiiiptioii its test tel-ii-iiiial 124 would be characterized by grotiiid po45 teiitial and a citcuit ivil.1 thereby be completed for operatino- tl-ie motor m,).gnet 119 to adiance the brushes of the Iii-ie sialtcl-i iiito engagom,eiit -Nvitl-i a second set of hoi-iie coutacts 117 also, cliaracterized by (yi-oliiid 50 potei-itial so that the motoi- riiag,,let, iiill adVI'lile I e. the brushes of the line sivit,,@li ilito eiigageiiieiit, iititli tlie.teri-riinals of- a secoii(I truiik ii@hicli is slioiyii in fiill iii these drawirfgs. r) Let, it be assuiiied that this trtiiik is idle, -t conditioii ivliieh is iiiclic,,ited b): the ab@ seiiee of poteiitipl oii its test tci-mii,@al 12,5. The etit-off relay 10r) will tliei-i be opei-,,ited in @t. circuit coliiple'ued fi:om grouiided b,,itGo terNI, IA7indiiig of the motor iiiapnot ,iiicl iv,iiidin-- of ti@e cu'u-off i-elay iii sei-ies tlierewitli, holdiiig briisli 11),I, 126, bticl;: coiitact@ and @triiiatiire of th6 releise i-iiao,iiet 1-9,7 to (,,-i@o-Lilid. Tlle ciit-ofr .,elay is ciierI " @n 65 oized in this circuit iiicl, .it its iil)pe,.- 1,540,419 tures aiid bacl@ cont,.tets, it opens the circuits by iyliieh tl-ic gi-oup of relttys i,@,as initiall3r enero,ized, iiliile at the f roiit contacts of these @iriiiatures the callil-ig Iiiie is exteliclecl to the line bruslies 121-) aiid 123. At 'L,Iie 70 loivei-ii-iost ariiiattire aiid front coiitact of etit-ofl relay, gi,ouiicl potelit@ial is applied to test brush 120 and tlirotigh its I)i,lsli to tllo test tei,ii-iii'lal 12,@') of the selected triink to reiader it noi-i-selectable. Tt )iill also be 75 undei@stood that wlieji the operttii-ia cii-etiits of the o- otips of i-elays ai@e opeii tli,,it the clial toiie is disconilected froii-i the callill(Y 141,e ",hich ii-idioates to the slibscriber tllereoi-i that Iiis line is co.-iiiected to an idle iiuillei-ical switeli al'id that lie may then opel-ate Iiis dial sender. ll'hen the calliiig Iiiie was coiinectecl to the lilie s-@iiteli bru-slies 1-29- aiid 123 by the opei-tition of the cut-off relay iipoii the se'lztire of tselected t-i-tinl@, the linptilse relay 128 iias energized i-n a eireiiit ineltiding I)otli s'des of the sc,,Iectecl ti-iii-ik and the calliiip,@ line iii sei@ies. PLelllly 128 is eiiei-gized ii-i this cii-cuit ancl at its lolvler ai,iiiatlire ai-id froiit contact coiiipletes t circuit for the reltly 19-9 which coiitrols the slow releasiii ease of coiin 6r s itch@ as -will be i-el tll ect w described. The clilling subscriber noii, operates Iiis dial seiidei, iiite@iiiitteiitly: opeli- 1)5 iii(Y aDd closiii,u the coi-itacts 106 to transli'lit t series of @iiiaptilses coi-rospondiiig to the teiis digit I of the w@i-iited n-Liiiiber. Iii response to this series of impulses the ii-iipiilse r-,Iay 19-8 vibi-ates its ai-mat-Lii-es and oil its first doei-iergizltiol'i at its lower armatiire aiicl back contact it closes a eircui.t froiii d, througb the lower -,triiiature aiid @ll'oonl-it'leontact of relty 129 throiigli the Iiigli resistaiiee ind loii, i-esist I aiice windiiigs of I 0,@3 the 6haiao'e-over@ relay 130 :in series, side s,",itch wii)er 131, @iiiadino- of tlie, pi-imary m,,iol-i-iet 132 , , to gi-otiiided battery. Since it is assuiiied that this first impiilse is relatively loiig, tlle cliiiiqe-6vei, i@eliy 130 ivill 110 be eiiergized iii this circuit brt the prim,,try niotoi- ii-iagnet will iiot oper,-,t,e in series ivitli the Iiigla resistaiiee \vliidii-ig of the cliingeovei@ relay. The chai-ig(,.-over relay 130 on eiiergizit-ion short-circuits its Iiio-11 - resist- j]5 aiice Nviiadili@,r by coi-npletiiig a circuit fron-i gi@oviid, its loiver ,ti-iiiature ti-id front coiitact@ its tipl)ei- lo-%v resist,@nce AAin(Iiii-, side switeli ivipei- 131, wiiidiiig of the I)rlii-iarv iiiagiiet 132, to groiiiided battei-y. This 1,-Lst 1 n-,ii-i-iod m,,ig@,iet iyill jio-,v operate iii series witli the loiv res@.staiiee iviiidii-io, of relai, 130 ancl closes its armatiire ai-id froiit cont,,tct. I-)efore the lin-@iptilse i-el,,t), -'L28 is acaiii atti-acted at tlio clo-se of tl-ic liiipulse, jii--t - iiieii- 1 tioned ai,.cl ivitli the ariiiattire ayicl contact of the I)rili-iai,)7 iiiotor iii,,tgiiet 132 closed, botli i@,,-itidiiigs of the clialige-over i-elay 1,1)0 tr(@ slioi@t-eircuited by @t cii-eiiit iiieludiii,,)- coiiductor froiit contqct 'Iiicl ariiiiture Of )@10
[3]1,540,41b rel,ty 129, bacl,, contact and ,irm,,iture of i@-el,ty 128, to groLiiid. Relay 130 therefore i-etracts its armitiires. Shortly after tl-iis the ii-iiplilse relay is opei-ated and c,,tlises the I)ri-rnary iiiotoi- iii,,Lo-net to i-elease qiid ,tclva@.ice tlle briislies 1'0'i, 138 and 139 one@step ii-i tli(,, gi-oup selecting iiioveiyiei-it. Tlii,,3 op(,,i-i,itioii of i-elavs 128 aiid 130 @iii(I iyiagiiet, lil)2 is iepeate(I foi, eacli iii-il,)tllse iintil the 10 list iiiipulse of tli(@ series is transiiiitted. 'I'liis ii-i-iptilse is of slioi-t dui-atioii, as compared iiitli those pi@ecediiig it, so that the ol)eratioi-i Avill noin, be is folloivs. The imPillse rcla)T 128 reti-acts its ti-i-tiati:tres aiid ,5 closes a cii-eiii.t from o-rovii-icl, tlirotio;li it;s kn loAA,er ai-rciatiii-e and back col-itact, ariiiatiirc @ind froiit coiitact of relay 19-0, botl-i Nviiidin series of rel,@)y 130, side savitch wiper ts fil!st position, iiiiidiii(- of tl-ie pi-ilyiii-37 iiiotor iiiagnet 132 to (-rotijided b,,it1. zn tery. Reli3r 130 ,tt,ti-acts its @trriiattires and :it. it.9 lower ariy;atilire ort-eii-eiiits its iiio sl-i ;I-i i,el,@istai,ce wiiidiii" iiid closes a cii-etiit for t, giz' gnet 132. eiiei, ilig prilfi@iry niotor i)ia 25 befoi@e the pi-iiiiar r y iii6to iiia(,Ilet 132 operlites, tli6 i@i-iii-)iiise rel-,-L 128 atti@.tets y its arii-i,,tt.ure-, aiid tlie@ previo'tisll, d(@scribect sliort-eircuit iiicliidilig condtict-,oi- 133 ip, not coiT@plete(l, so tllit wliei-i @tlie piriiiiai-y motor i3O iiiagnet 139- does ope ate it is locked energized tliroii(-Ii tlie, side saviteli il,,iper 1.31 ,ti-id the low, resistance AAindiii of i-el,,ty 130 to groiind at its lower arinatiire ai-id froiit coiita(.,t,. The escape iiia(yiiet 1004 is iio)N, enero-i rom grouii @ Zecl over a eireii@it exteiidiiig f clod 1),,tttery, l@esistance, -",incling of this iiiao-- iiet, si(le sivitel-i iiipez 135.in i.ts first position tipper Li@-iiiatures ,tiid fi-oi-it contacts of 130 and 128, to gi-ound. This iiia(,- 40 i)(,,t 'Ittti-acts its arillattires aiid at its rightli,tiid ai-matui-e closes ,i short-eirciliit ,tboilt i-(@l,,iy 1,30 ivliieh deei-iergizes alid ope,-is t,be, eireiiit of the escape magnet thereby c,,i-Lisinz the side switch @vipei,s to be nioved iiito 4 -D tlieii@ secoiid positioi-t. When tl-ic esc,,tl)e iiia i@eleases the priiiiary motor iii,,ianet is cTellelil1c,,rgized. 'rhe siil)scribei, iioii, operites liis clial sii,iteli to ti@,iiisiiiit impLilses coi-respoiiclin,o to flie iiiiits di<yit o-l@. the 11711,iited nliinber. Iii ,@esponse to the first of tlies(@, iiiii)tilses tll(@ ill-il)ulse 1- 01@ly ll-)S reti,,Icts i,L-S @iiid the cliajige-ove,,.- i-el@,iy 130 is I'IOAA- opei-@ite(i iii a eireiiit closed fi-oiii @@i,oiiiid, I(Aiei,triiiittii,e tiid bael.: coii'tact of iii-iptil,,;e i,el,,iy 128, ai-ri-iatt,,rc,. ,,iid fi-ont, coi-it,,'(@t oT i-elty 129, tliroiigli b6tli AyiTidincs ill seilies Of relai, 130, side sai-iteli ivil)er 1.31 iii its second I)ositioii, -Lippei-iiiost bacl@ coiitact and ai-iiiattire of test relav 140, iviiidilig of t4ie secoiiclii-iotoi- m,,,,o-net 141, to grotiiided battei- v as (lesci@ibe(I iii I a pi-evioils ii-istaiie;@, i-elay 130 is locl@ec.1 opei-.tted ii-i series witli tilf, -ecoii(liry niotoii iiiqgliet aiicl slioi-t-eir..,s the Iiio-li resistaiiee of that relav. The secondiry iiiotoi@, liiagi@ot 141 is tlierelupon locked opei@ated in I eircliit trace,-ble from groliitded battel'y, its wiliding, ariiiattire iiiid fi-ont contao'L, condiletor 1,33, fi-ont aiid @irniattire of rel,,ty 129, back conttet iiid 70 ,ti-iiiatui-(, of i-elay 128, to grotind. AVIiell the ii-npulse i-elay auaiii ,tttrtets its ai@iiia@tilres at tli@, el.ose of this iiiiptilse, secoiidti@y i-riotor iiiagiiet,, 1.41 (leeiiei-gizes aiid advanc(,s t-lie coniiectoi, bi-tishes ovei, tl@ie terii:iii-iils of 7@5 the selecte(I o,-rotil) of Iiiies. @ -fii re,,@ponse to the iiext iltipiilse of the sellies, ii-yil)ulsc,. ilclay 128 retri.ets its ai-id agiiii closes ,i cii,eiiit throti(eli I)oth iviiid;iigs 6f i@ela.)T l@0)0 aiid iiia-liet 141 iii sellies. Magile 141 does 80 tn not oper@Lte, biit i-clay 130 (I.oes ol)ei@at(, al-id short-circuits its Iiigli i@esistaiiee -Nviildiii@,y t6 effect the ol:)eratioii of tlie@ iyiotor iiiagnet. This opeii,,,tion is contintied t,,Iltil t-lie l@ist or sliort iiiipiilse of the sei,ies is rece e ,85 at the close of iillicli the ii-ripulse relay ivill a ttract its ai,i-ii,,itiires before relfty 130 'IS I'Cllea(,s(,,(l iiid ti iiet is ol)ei-ate le esol@ipe ill"lgl Ill a cii-e-Etit, f-i-oi-ri gi-oiii-Ldecl b,,ittei-y, i. -esistaiie e, Aviii(ling of tliis, I ii(,iiet, side switell @vipet@ 90 l@')5 ill @ts second positioi-i, ffoiit co t,,iclc; ,iiid n ii-,iittilres of ,,elt),s 130 ,Lnd 128, to grouncl. This rj,- i"t(yi1et attr@icts its ii-iiiatures -,tnd ,it its i,io-lit-liaii(I al@ir.attii,e closes a slioi-t-eivellit I y l,@) -ele,,ises to opeii tli6 9 r) qboiit rc a @0' iA,,Iiieh 1 orio-ii-iil enei@(-izing eireilit of tlie iiitonet. Let it be asstimed tliqt tl-ic called line is busy Nvliieli coiiditi6n is ilidic,-tted I)y o-i@Oun(I -S 100 potei itial oi-i the test tc,,ri-iiiiial 142 of tli; line so that the esc,,il)e iii-,itynet thepbe locl@ed ol)ei@,,tted iii a cii-eiiit. closed f@-oi-ii (,i,ou iide0i 1),ittery, i-esistai-ice, its A Aiiid.ii-ig,@ ariiia ttil,e ,tnd fi-ont col'itoct, Nvinding of test relt) T 140 its coiitiiitilt-ir sl:)riiig ,tiid coiit@ict, 105 coiic lue'L@01- 14,3, side siyitcli iilpel@ 144 in it"@ seco nd positi6n, coiii-leelor test briisli 13"(', test tei-ii-iiiial 142, aiicl ,t iniiltiple tei@ii-iii-ial tliereof throuo-li a test bi-ush s'lmil@ir to 137 ind a sicle SN@iteli I'@,iper sili-iil@ir to 144 iii 110 its fourtl-i positi-ola, t6 gr6iind at, the coiiiiect or switeli Avhlcli lias pi@evi6tisl), seized tl)e waiited lii-ie. The test rel@ty is operated iii this eireviit a]-id tl-ie,-l locl@@ed opei,@', I ted iii t cii@ctlit fi-6111 giioiiiid, thi-oiic,yll the - oi'Y-iioi-- 115 iii-,il c6iitacts 145, iiii-ier ariiatiii@(-, alid coiil@in tiit I)iino- qiid i-,,iilcliiig of test i,el,,tv 140 y S @ t, oier the remtincler 6f the eireiiit dese -@.,ibecl as exteiidiii@-, tlle (-f escape iiia@,,net witi @ @tlie tcst,@ Yela@,@ 120 y 1.40 oi)ei-ated, a solirce of biis@, toiie cul@rei'lt, BZ is al)plied t-o the e',Ill@i-ig lii-ie tlii-oil@uli the loiver ariii,,ittire ancl froiit contact, of the test relay. It Aylll noiv be asslimed ;tli@)t tlio wai-it(,cl 125 Iii-ie is idle at the t-iiiie @Avhen tlie, te9t I)rtisli 13'i enga(lecl the test li@2 of this line. ivirei@s iiioie ii-ito their th;i.-cl I)ositioii ivll-,re e 'I ovei, tii(, Else@iT)e 1;,z 4io%v ol,) i-@ tecl a
